/*SHORT TITLE: Codebook for HOSTAGE File */ DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIABLES IN HOSTAGE FILE The HOSTAGE file lists characteristics peculiar to incidents involving the taking of hostages, skyjackings, kidnappings, and takeovers of non-aerial means of transportation. Incidents which would have been hostage situations are included, although hostages may have all died and/or escaped at the initial scene of the attack. The non-terrorist hijackings included in the SKYJACK file are not included. Target of Terrorist Demands: YR. Date of start of incident--year The beginning of the incident is considered to be the date at the scene of the incident in which it first became apparent to individuals other than the initiators that a terrorist event was taking place. ITERATE data sets issued prior to July 2003 are coded with two digits for years (i.e. 68=1968, 69=1969......00=2000, 01=2001). Values: 1968 1968 1969 1969 . . 2002 2002 MO. Date of start of incident--month See description for variable 1. Values: 01 January 02 February . . 12 December 99 Unknown month DAY. Date of start of incident--day See description for variable 1. 01 . . 31 99 Unknown day IN_NUM. incident code number A unique two-digit code number. This number is assigned to each discrete incident that occurs on a given day. Specific incidents may thus be accessed by calling up the first eight digits of an entry for an incident, i.e., YRMODAYIN_NUM. 00 01 . . 99 H2. Number of hostages Individuals who successfully escape their captors-to-be at the beginning of an attack are considered to have never been captured, and an entry of 000 appears. Those who escape after having been captured, or who are released during negotiations by their captors, are considered to have been hostages for part of the time, and are included in the tally. All passengers and crew members, save the initiating terrorists, in a skyjacking are considered hostages. Terrorists in a barricade and hostage situation, although unable to freely come and go, are not considered hostages. Terrorists whose release from prison was demanded, and who join the initiating group during the incident voluntarily are not considered to be hostages, and are not included in the tally. Values: 000-998 Actual number of hostages 999 Unknown, indeterminate, although it is known that hostages were taken H3. Number of hostages that escaped during the incident after being secured by terrorists Values: 000-997 Actual number 998 Unknown, but some known to have escaped 999 Unknown H4. Target of Demands 1 This variable includes governments and other entities (corporations, private individuals, and even other terrorist groups). Whenever a specific entity was called upon to perform a specific task, whether it be to fly a plane to a new destination, pay a ransom, or release prisoners, an entity is coded. Values (In addition to country codes used in Variable 4 of the COMMON file, the following entity codes are used.): 007 Business, corporation 008 Family 009 Other organization 012 Individual, e.g. pilot 013 Newspaper H5. Target of Demands 2 Values: (same as Variable 4 above) H6. Target of Demands 3 Values: (same as Variable 4 above) H7. Number of governments/entities upon whom demands were made This variable includes governments and other entities (corporations, private individuals, and even other terrorist groups). Whenever a specific entity was called upon to perform a specific task, whether it be to fly a plane to a new destination, pay a ransom, or release prisoners, an entity is coded. Values: 0-7 Actual number 8 Irrelevant, demands were not made 9 Unknown, but demands were placed upon some entities H8. Were demands made upon host nation The host nation is considered to be the location in which the incident began. Values: 1 Yes 2 No 9 Unknown Negotiation Behavior: H9. Demand #1: Media announcement Values: 0 Terrorists did not demand media coverage 1 Newspaper statement 2 Radio statement 3 Television statement 4 Circulate propaganda statement, medium unspecified 5 Unknown as to exact type of medium 6 Mix of above 9 Unknown H10. Demand #2: Political change Values: 1 Yes 2 No 9 Unknown H11. Demand #3: Non-Robin Hood ransom A Robin Hood ransom is a philanthropic demand--the terrorist group does not directly receive the money or other item of value demanded. Herein, only the group's organization coffers receive the proceeds. Values: 0000-9996 Actual amount in $10,000 intervals 9997 Amount greater than $99,960,000 9998 Unknown, but some ransom was demanded 9999 Unknown if any ransom was demanded H12. Demand #4: Robin Hood ransom A Robin Hood ransom is a philanthropic demand--the terrorist group does not directly receive the money or other item of value demanded. The group may specify the beneficiary. Values: 0000-9996 Actual amount in $10,000 intervals 9997 Amount greater than $99,960,000 9998 Unknown, but some ransom was demanded 9999 Unknown if any ransom was demanded H13. Demand #5: Release prisoners Values: 001-996 Actual number whose release was demanded 997 More than 996 998 Unknown, but some asked for 999 Unknown H14. Demand #6: Safe haven for a destination Values: 1 Yes, demand was made 2 No, demand was not made 9 Unknown H15. Demand #7: Safe passage out of the location Values: 1 Yes, demand was made 2 No, demand was not made 9 Unknown H16. Demand #8: Other demands These demands do not include those items previously mentioned, as well as ransom payments or "creature comforts" during incidents, such as food, drink, blankets, and medicines for perpetrators and hostages. Values: 1 Yes, demand was made 2 No, demand was not made 9 Unknown H17. Terrorist behavior in negotiations Values: 1 Lessened one or more demands without increasing any 2 No changes in demands by terrorists 3 Replaced demands with others 4 Increased one or more demands without decreasing any 5 Mixed behavior - i.e. increased one or more while decreasing one or more 8 Irrelevant, negotiations were not conducted 9 Unknown H18. Allowed sequential release of hostages Values: 0-7 Actual number of times hostages released 8 Unknown, but some sequential release of hostages 9 Unknown H19. Allowed deadline to pass without engaging in action threatened Values: 0-6 Actual number of deadlines allowed to pass 7 None, demandees conceded before deadline 8 Unknown, but at least one deadline set and allowed to pass 9 Irrelevant, no deadlines set H20. Number of deadlines where the threat was carried out Values: 0-6 Actual number of deadlines following which terrorists followed through 7 None, demandees conceded before deadline 8 Unknown, but at least one deadline set and was followed by threatened behavior 9 Irrelevant, no deadlines set Results of Negotiations: H21. Terrorist negotiation success Values: 1 Received some of their demands 2 Received all of their demands 3 Received none of their demands 8 Irrelevant, no demands made 9 Unknown H22. Type of target negotiator This variable refers to the identity of the individuals who conducted the negotiations with the terrorists in response to their demands. In cases where codings of 1, 2 and/or 3 may be applicable to the same individual, the lowest numerical value should be used. Category 6 includes clergymen, individuals with a great public following, newsmen, nongovernmental leaders, and even nominal terrorist groups who put pressure on the initiators to alter their behavior during the incident. Values: 1 Host government official, including police 2 Victim government official 3 Foreign government official 4 Corporate official 5 Private parties, including family 6 Prominent opinion leader 7 Other 8 Irrelevant, negotiations were not established 9 Unknown, indeterminate H23. Number of target negotiators Values: 1-7 Actual number 8 Irrelevant 9 Unknown, indeterminate H24. Response of target The Bangkok Solution refers to the agreement made by the four Black Septembrists who took over the Israeli Embassy in Bangkok on December 28, 1972, and Thai officials which allowed the terrorists safe passage from the scene in return for release of their hostages and the dropping of their other demands. This outcome has subsequently been used successfully as a precedent for other negotiation situations. Values: 1 Capitulation 2 Stalling, with compromise on demands 3 Bangkok solution 4 No compromise, no shootout with the perpetrators 5 Shootout with the terrorists 6 Government doublecross 7 Massive nationwide search for terrorists, with no compromise or capitulation by government regarding terrorist demands 8 Irrelevant, negotiations were not established, no demands made, no direct confrontation engaged 9 Unknown, indeterminate H25. Amount of ransom paid Include both types (Robin Hood and non-philanthropic) of ransom paid. Values: 0000-9997 Actual amount in increments of $10,000 9998 Unknown, but some ransom paid 9999 Unknown H26. Source of ransom payment Values: 1 Government 2 Corporate 3 Family 4 Other, including public collections, private sources 5 No ransom paid 6 Indeterminate, but ransom paid 7 Indeterminate if ransom was paid 8 Irrelevant, no ransom demanded 9 Unknown H27. Number of prisoners released Values: 000-996 Actual number 997 More than 996 998 Irrelevant 999 Unknown, but some prisoners were released H28. Ultimate destination of released prisoners The stopping-over and refuelling points of released prisoners is not included. Their quasi-permanent destination at the end of the incident is entered. Values: (same as those used in Variable 4 of COMMON file) H29. First hostage's fate Cases in which hostages are released without the levying of demands are coded as 01. Values: 01 No damage or casualties, hostages released, no target capitulation 02 No damage or casualties, hostages released, capitulation or compromise by targets 03 Victims killed, no target capitulation 04 Victims killed, capitulation or compromise by targets 05 Damaged material, no target capitulation 06 Damaged material, capitulation or compromise by targets 07 Victim killed while attempting escape after initial capture 08 Victim successfully avoided capture 10 Victim successfully avoided capture after incident began 11 Hostages killed in shootout 12 Hostages killed, no provocation, during negotiations 13 Hostages killed during negotiations, deadline had passed 14 Hostages rescued by authorities 15 Incident forestalled by authorities before initiation 16 Victim escaped after initial capture 98 Irrelevant 99 Unknown, indeterminate H30. Second hostage's fate Values: (same as Variable 29) H31. Duration of incident in hours Coding should be from the time hostages were seized to the time that hostages' ultimate fate was determined. Values: 00-96 Actual hours 97 More than 96 hours 98 Irrelevant 99 Unknown H32. Duration of incident in days See caveat for #31. Values: 000-996 Actual number of days 997 More than 996 days 998 Irrelevant 999 Unknown Other Nations Involved in Incident: H33. Number of nations denying safe haven request Such nations refer to those suggested by any negotiator as a final destination for the perpetrators. Values: 0-7 Actual number 8 Irrelevant 9 Unknown H34. First nation denying safe haven request Values: (same as used in Variable 4 of COMMON file) H35. Second nation denying safe haven request Values: (Same as used in Variable 4 of COMMON file) H36. Number of nations granting safe haven request Such nations are those willing to grant the terrorists safe haven in their territory, rather than those nations willing to allow the terrorists to leave their territory to reach a safe haven. Values: 0-7 Actual number 8 Irrelevant 9 Unknown H37. First nation granting safe haven request Values: (Same as used in Variable 4 of COMMON file) H38. Second nation granting safe haven request Values: (same as used in Variable 4 of COMMON file) H39. Number of nations with ancillary involvement in incident Ancillary involvement refers to a relation to the event not previously mentioned elsewhere, e.g. as target, victim, host, or breeder of the terrorists. Such ancillary involvement may include being a refuelling point for the escape vehicle, the site of a ransom payment, an additional source of demands, a mediator, a negotiator, a covert initiator of the specific incident, etc. Values: 0-8 Actual number 9 Unknown H40. First ancillary nation Values: (same as used in Variable 4 of COMMON file) H41. Second ancillary nation Values: (same as used in Variable 4 of COMMON file)