/*SHORT TITLE: Codebook for SKYJACK File */ DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES IN SKYJACK FILE This file includes terrorist hijackings which appear in the COMMON file as well as hijackings engaged in by non-terrorists. YR. Date of start of incident--year The beginning of the incident is considered to be the date at the scene of the incident in which it first became apparent to individuals other than the initiators that a hijacking was taking place. Values: 78 1978 79 1979 . . 87 1987 MO. Date of start of incident--month See description for variable 1. Values: 01 January 02 February . . 12 December 99 Unknown month DAY. Date of start of incident--day See description for variable 1. Values: 01 . . 31 99 Unknown day IN_NUM. Incident code number A unique 2-digit code number is assigned to each discrete incident which occurs on a given day. Specific incidents may thus be accessed by calling up the first 8 digits of an entry for an incident. These eight digits link the SKYJACK file to the COMMON, FATE, and HOSTAGE files, where appropriate. Values: 00 01 . . 99 S5. Duration in hours Values: 00 Less than 1 hour 01-97 Actual hours 98 Unknown, but more than 1 hour 99 Unknown Airline Information: S6. Type of plane Values: 001 BAC-111 002 Twin-engined Malev 003 DC-3 004 DC-4 005 DC-10 006 DC-6, DC-6B 007 F-7 008 Catalina flying boat 009 Dakota 010 Piper Apache PA10 011 Vickers Viscount 012 Constellation 013 YAK-12 014 Piper Apache PA10 015 Ilyushin IL-14 016 VC-10 017 FH-227 018 DC-8 019 DC-9 020 B-720 021 Cessna 210 022 Antonov AN-2 023 Piper Apache PA23 024 Antonov AN-24 025 HS 125 air taxi 026 YS-11 twin turboprop 027 Fokker F-27 028 Ilyushin 18 029 YS-11A 030 YAK 40 031 Viscount 810 032 Cessna 310 033 Cessna 150 034 Comet IV 035 Cessna 206 036 Cessna Skymaster 336 037 DH 114 038 A-300 Airbus 039 L-410 040 Cessna 9-passenger 402 041 C-141 042 Islander BN2A 043 Grumman Goose 73 044 Convair twin-engine VC 440 045 4-engined plane, not further identified 046 C-46 047 C-47 048 Hawker Siddeley twin-engined turboprop 748 049 L-1049 Super Constellation 050 TU-104 051 Lockheed Electra 052 Junkers 52 053 Beechcraft C-45 054 Ilyushin twin-engined 14 055 Beechcraft D-80 056 TU-134 057 DeHavilland Heron 157 058 Convair 580 059 Caravelle 50 060 CV-600 061 DeHavilland Twin Otter 062 Lockheed L-1011 TriStar 064 CV-640 065 Zlin cropduster 066 Saunders ST-27 067 SC-7 068 Aero Commander Hawk 681 070 Boeing 707 071 B-727 072 Cessna 172 073 B-737 074 B-747 jumbo jet 075 Trident 077 Cessna 177 078 AVRO 748 079 Piper Cherokee 140 080 Convair CV-880 081 Piper Commanche 082 Cessna 182 085 twin-engined Cherokee 086 F-862 087 Piper twin-engined Seneca 088 Electra L-188 089 Cessna 180 090 helicopter 091 Caravelle not further identified 092 twin-engined plane, not further identified 093 Viscount 4-engined turboprop 094 Fokker twin-engined plane 095 Beechcraft plane, not further identified 096 Piper twin-engined Navajo 097 Convair plane, not further identified 098 Convair 990 099 Piper twin-engined plane 100 Fokker Friendship 101 A-310 Airbus 102 Metroliner twin-engined plane 103 B-3 military plane 105 Commander-500 S 124 IL-24 127 B-727-200 130 C-130 military plane 131 Aztec, twin-engined cropduster 132 Aviocar 133 DeHavilland Dash-7 134 Martin 404 135 Tupoler TU-54 136 Ilyushin IL-86 137 Ilyushin 76T 138 TU-154 139 twin-engined Cessna 140 Fokker 28 141 HK-3184 Helicopter 142 Antonov AN-26 143 Bell Jet Ranger Helicopter 144 unidentified Cessna 145 Fokker ATR-42 999 Unknown S7. Airline company Airlines appear by region, in the order in which they were first hijacked. (This variable includes the same information, but is coded somewhat differently than its predecessors in ITERATE 1 and 2. ITERATE 2 codes appear to the right of the entries.) Firms which are not identified as being general aviation carriers fly regularly-scheduled flights. Such American firms became subject to mandatory passenger screening in 1973. The regional organization of this variable is: 000-199 US companies 200-399 European companies 400-499 Middle Eastern companies 500-599 Latin American companies 600-699 Far East and Asian companies 700-799 Eastern bloc companies 800-899 African companies 900-998 Other companies 999 Unknown Specific Values: 000 National Airlines 027 001 Eastern Air Lines 028 002 PAC Pacific Air Lines 029 003 Continental Air Lines 030 004 Pan Am 031 005 American Aviation 035 006 local US 038 007 Hawaiian Airlines 040 008 Aloha Airlines 041 009 Crescent Airlines, a US charter 048 010 Delta Airlines 049 011 Southeast Airlines 052 012 Northwest Orient Airlines 053 013 TWA, Trans World Airlines 054 014 Island City Flying Service, a US charter 055 015 Naples Airlines, a US charter 057 016 Key West Airlines, a US charter 061 017 United Airlines 065 018 Northeast Airlines 072 019 Texas International 073 020 Caldwell Aviation Corporation, a US charter 104 021 North Central Airways 105 022 American Air Lines 109 023 Allegheny Airlines 125 024 PRINAIR Puerto Rican International Airlines 126 025 Western Airlines 130 026 American Air Taxi, a US charter firm 131 027 private US plane 132 028 Hughes Air West 135 029 Piedmont Airways 137 030 Braniff 139 031 Big Brother, Inc., a US general aviation firm 141 032 Wein Consolidated Salta 142 033 Pacific Southwest Airlines 148 034 SFO Helicopter Company, US general aviation 149 035 Mohawk Airlines 150 036 Chalk's Flying Service, US general aviation 152 037 Tortugas Airways, a US general aviation firm 153 038 Puerto Rican commuter flight firm 156 039 Frontier Airlines 157 040 Alaska Airlines 158 041 Southern Airways 168 042 Ozark Airways 171 043 JDJ Flying Service, a US charter firm 174 044 Trans-International Airways, US charter firm 176 045 Wall Street Helicopters, US general aviation 186 046 Air Charter, Inc., a US general aviation firm 187 047 Big Horn Airways, a US general aviation firm 188 048 Tampa Flying Service, US general aviation 193 049 Air New England 195 050 Sawyer Aviation, a US general aviation firm 196 051 Hi Lift Helicopters, US general aviation 197 052 Atlanta Aero, a US general aviation firm 201 053 Tri State Aero, a US general aviation firm 202 054 California Air Charter, US general aviation 203 055 Heinzmann Engineering Company, general avia. 206 056 Royal American Flyers, US general aviation 207 057 Gulf Air 210 058 Rio Airways 059 United States Mail Service 060 Capital Airlines 061 New York Air 062 Marco Island Airways 063 Fostaire Helicopter, a US general aviation firm 064 Global International Airways 065 Florida Air 066 Republic Airlines 067 Eastern Metro Express 068 People's Express 069 Aris Helicopter Limited, a US general aviation firm 070 Canadian Pacific Air 071 Horizon Air 200 local Greek 009 201 Transportes Aeros, a Portuguese firm 032 202 local French 034 203 KLM Royal Dutch Airways 036 204 Portuguese military plane 037 205 British charter 045 206 Air Canada 059 207 Olympic Airways, a Greek firm 063 208 DIA, a Portuguese firm 074 209 Turkish Airways 083 210 Air Icelandic 093 211 Iberian Airways, a Spanish firm 096 212 Alitalia 110 213 Etapa Air Taxi, a Portuguese firm 115 214 Swissair 120 215 BOAC British Overseas Airways 121 216 indeterminate Swiss firm 129 217 Transair-Midwest, a Canadian firm 133 218 SAS Scandinavian Airlines System, Swedish 134 219 Finnair 138 220 Lufthansa 151 221 Sabena 160 222 Scanair 163 223 UTA, a French firm 164 224 Aero Transporti Italiani 167 225 Quebec Air 169 226 Pacific Western, a Canadian firm 170 227 Air Inter Airlines, a French firm 172 228 Air France 179 229 Irish Helicopters, Inc. 180 230 British Airways 183 231 Dundalk Aero Club, an Eire firm 190 232 Canadian Pacific Airlines 192 233 TAP, a Portuguese firm 205 234 Aer Lingus, an Eire firm 209 235 Braathen Airlines 236 Sfair Freight Company, a French general aviation firm 400 local Egyptian 043 401 El Al 056 402 Misrair, an Egyptian firm 080 403 Iranian National Airlines 112 404 Saudi Arabian Airlines 113 405 Air Algerie 119 406 Egyptian Airlines 122 407 Indian Airlines 128 408 ALIA Royal Jordanian Airlines 140 409 Pakistan International Airlines 145 410 Al Yemda, a South Yemeni firm 166 411 MEA Middle East Airways, an Egyptian firm 175 412 Yemen Airways 178 413 Air India 194 414 Libyan Arab Airlines 208 415 Air Kuwait 212 416 Iranian military 417 Libyan military 418 Royal Air Maroc 419 Air Tunisia 420 Middle East Airlines, a Lebanese firm 421 Lebanese military 422 Asseman Airlines, a Iranian firm 424 Iraqi Airways 425 Ariana Afghan Airlines 500 local Peruvian 001 501 Faucett, a Peruvian firm 002 502 local Bolivian 017 503 Cubana 019 504 local Haitian 021 505 Aerovias, a Cuban firm 022 506 Panair do Brazil 023 507 Cuban general aviation firm 024 508 AVENSA 033 509 Cuban military plane 039 510 Aerocondor, a Colombian firm 042, 046 511 AVIANCA 047 512 local Mexican 050 513 VIASA, Venezuelan Airlines 051 514 Island Flying Service, a Bahamas charter 058 515 Aeromaya, a Mexican firm 060 516 SEASA, a Mexican firm 062 517 CMA, a Mexican firm 064 518 ASPA, a Venezuelan firm 066 519 Ecuatoriana International 067 520 SAM Sociedad Aeronautica de Medellin, Col. 068 521 local Venezuelan 069 522 Aeropostal, a Venezuelan firm 070 523 Ecuadorian Airlines 071 524 La Urraca, a Colombian firm 075 525 SAETA, an Ecuadorian firm 076 526 Mexicana de Aviacion 077 527 Nicaraguan Airlines 078 528 TAME, an Ecuadorian firm 081 529 SAHSA, a Honduran firm 082 530 Cruzeiro do Sul, a Brazilian firm 084 531 Aerotaxi Airlines, a Colombian charter 085 532 LANICA, Lancia, a Nicaraguan firm 086 533 VARIG, a Brazilian firm 087 534 Austral, an Argentine firm 089 535 LAN, a Chilean firm 090 536 Chilean Airlines 091 537 Mexican general aviation 092 538 LACSA, a Costa Rican firm 095 539 RAPSA, a Panamanian firm 097 540 Netherlands Antilles Airlines 098 541 British Honduran general aviation 101 542 Costa Rican National Airways 103 543 VASP Viacao Aerea de Sao Paulo, a Brazil firm 106 544 British West Indies Airlines, Trin & Tobago 107 545 Aeronaves de Mexico 116 546 Trans-Caribbean Airways 117 547 Aerovia Quisqueyana, a Dominican firm 127 548 Bolivian military plane 143 549 Arawak, a Trinidad and Tobago firm 144 550 Lloyd Air Boliviano 146 551 Alas Del Caribe Air, a Dominican firm 147 552 Jamaica Air Taxi, Ltd., general aviation 154 553 Empress Ecuatoriana de Aviacion 161 554 Aero Opita Tao, Opita Air Taxi, Colombian 165 555 local Argentine 177 556 Air Jamaica 181 557 Aeropesca, a Colombian firm 182 558 Cessnica, a Colombian general aviation firm 185 559 Haiti Air Inter 200 560 Aces Airlines, Colombian general aviation 204 561 Ladeco, a Chilean firm 211 562 National Transport Enterprise, general aviation 563 Salas Air Taxi, general aviation 564 Aeronica, a Nicaraguan firm 565 local Honduran 566 Aerotal, a Colombian firm 567 SANSA, a Colombian firm 568 private Nicaraguan 569 Colombian military 570 Aerolinas Argintines 571 ARCO, A Uruguayan firm 572 Aeromexico 573 Nicaraguan commuter 574 Central Airlines of Colombia 575 Nicaraguan Airlines 576 Varig-Cruceiro, a Brazilian firm 577 Suriname Airways 578 Helitaxi, a Colombian general aviation firm 579 Nicaraguan Military 580 Helicol Bell 581 ALM 590 Gum Air, a Suriname firm 600 Cathay-Pacific 008 601 China National Aviation Corporation 011 602 PAL Philippine Air Lines 015 603 Korean National Airlines, a South Korean firm 018 604 Trans-Australia 025 605 East-West Airlines, an Australian firm 088 606 JAL Japan Air Lines 102 607 Ansett Airlines, an Australian firm 108 608 Air Vietnam, a South Vietnamese firm 114 609 All Nippon Airways 118 610 Bira Air Transport, Thai general aviation 124 611 Merpati Nusuntara Airlines, Indonesian firm 155 612 Royal Nepalese Airlines 173 613 Far Eastern Air Transport, a Taiwanese firm 191 614 Australian military plane 199 615 Thai Airways Company 213 616 Malaysian Airlines Systems 214 617 CAAC, Civil Aviation Administration of China 618 Air New Zealand 619 Bangladesh Airlines 620 Gauda Airlines, an Indonesian firm 621 China Airlines 622 Nanchang-Fuchow Airlines, a Chinese firm 623 Burmese Airways 700 local Romanian 003 701 local Czechoslovakian 004 702 local Yugoslavian 005 703 Soviet-Romanian Airways 006 704 local Bulgarian 007 705 local Hungarian 010 706 LOT (a Polish firm) 012 707 local Polish 013 708 Yugoslavian National Airlines 014 709 CSA Czechoslovakia National Airlines 016 710 Czech general aviation charter firm 020 711 local USSR 026 712 Interflug, an East German firm 100 713 Aeroflot 111 714 TAROM, a Romanian firm 123 715 Slovair, a Czech firm 159 716 Balkan Airlines, a Bulgarian firm 198 717 Irkutsk Aviation Enterprise 800 Nigerian Airlines 044 801 Ethiopian Airlines 079 802 Angolan Air Taxi, a general aviation firm 136 803 South African Airlines 162 804 East African Airways, a Kenyan firm 163 805 an Angolan charter firm 189 806 Air Afrique 807 Tanzanian Airways 808 Kenyan military 809 Ethiopian Air Force 810 Somali Airlines 811 Ugandan Airlines 900 Red Cross 999 Unknown, indeterminate 099 Location of Incident: S8. Flight plan embarkation point When it cannot be determined from sources where the flight began, the value for this variable will be identical to that used for the embarkation point of the hijacker. Values: (Same country codes as used for Variable 4 in COMMON file) S9. Hijacker embarkation point When it cannot be determined where the hijacker boarded the plane, the last known refueling/stopoff location for the flight is entered. Values: (Same country codes as used for Variable 4 in COMMON file) S10. Flight plan end point Takeovers of nonscheduled flights (i.e., planes being serviced on the ground, with no crewmen on board) are listed as ending in the country of takeover. Values: (Same country codes as used for Variable 4 in COMMON file) S11. Hijacker desired end point The location need not be identical to the name of the city at which the hijacker finally left the plane. Values: (Same country codes as used for Variable 4 in COMMON file) S12. Number of stopovers and refuelings This variable notes the number of stops between the point of hijacking and the end of the incident. In cases where the incident ended at a location considered by the hijacker to be a refuelling point, rather than a point of his chosen embarkation, a value of 1 is added to the tally of previous stopovers. Values: 0-8 Actual number 9 More than 8 stopovers Number of Individuals Involved: S13. Crew members Crew members include stewardesses as well as pilots, co-pilots, and navigators. Planes which are on the ground being serviced have no crewmen on board. Values: 00-98 Actual number 99 Unknown S14. Individuals on board plane This figure includes hijackers, crewmen, passengers, skymarshals, and other personnel. Values: 00-97 Actual number 98 More than 97 99 Unknown S15. Hijackers Unarmed members of the hijackers' family, such as children, are not included in this tally. Accomplices on the ground who aid the hijackers in providing weapons, entry, etc., but do not participate in the attack are also not counted. Values: 00-98 Actual number 99 Unknown S16. Number wounded Wounded includes those who are reported to have been sufficiently harmed physically to have required medical attention. No distinction is made between those who are out-patients and those who are rescued from the critical list. Those who later die from their injuries are coded as dying, rather than wounded. The tally includes police, crew, passengers, hijackers, and others. Values: 00-96 Actual number 97 More than 96 98 Unknown, but some individuals were wounded 99 Unknown S17. Hostages wounded Values: 00-96 Actual number 97 More than 96 98 Unknown, but some individuals were wounded 99 Unknown S18. Hijackers wounded Values: 00-96 Actual number 97 More than 96 98 Unknown, but some individuals were wounded 99 Unknown S19. Crew wounded Values: 00-96 Actual number 97 More than 96 98 Unknown, but some individuals were wounded 99 Unknown S20. Number killed Values: 00-96 Actual number 97 More than 96 98 Unknown, but some individuals were killed 99 Unknown S21. Hostages killed Values: 00-96 Actual number 97 More than 96 98 Unknown, but some individuals were killed 99 Unknown S22. Hijackers killed Values: 00-96 Actual number 97 More than 96 98 Unknown, but some individuals were killed 99 Unknown S23. Crew killed Values: 00-96 Actual number 97 More than 96 98 Unknown, but some individuals were killed 99 Unknown S24. Damage to plane Values: 0 None 1 Slight - less than or equal to $10,000 2 Moderate - less than or equal to $100,000 3 High - less than or equal to $1 million 4 Severe - more than $1 million 9 Unknown, but damage reported S25. Logistical success of hijacking incident Values: 1 Incident stopped by authorities at planning stage 2 Incident stopped by authorities at scene or on the way to scene, before initiation 3 Aborted by hijackers during event 4 Unsuccessful owing to faults or error by hijackers 5 Stopped by authorities at the scene after initiation 6 Apparently completed as planned 9 Unknown S26. Negotiation success of hijacking incident Values: 1 Received some of their demands 2 Received all of their demands 3 Received none of their demands 8 Irrelevant, no demands made 9 Unknown S27. Type of weapon The most destructive weapon of all of those known to be in the possession of the perpetrators at the scene of the incident is noted. Values: 1 Hoax, no weapons used 2 Non-explosive, non-projectile weapons, including knives 3 Handguns 4 Rifles, shotguns, or machine guns 5 Explosives, incendiaries 6 Missiles, other heavy projectiles 7 Other 9 Unknown