6. Physical
Description
<physDesc>
contains the physical description of a
manuscript. This description may be placed
under a heading; the description may be
expressed in a series of paragraphs or
distributed under various specialized
elements.
This element and its subelements address
the issues that have become paramount
in manuscript studies since the second
World War, known collectively as codicology
or archeology of the book, in which the
book is viewed as a historical artifact,
worthy of study in its own right.
The architecture of the <physDesc>
element is intentionally flexible, so
that the element may be used successfully
with legacy data from any number of cataloguing
traditions. For example, one may wish
to open a first <physDesc>
element to contain the basic information,
then turn to <msContents>
for the texts in the manuscript, and ultimately
open a second <physDesc>
element for more detailed discussions
of the book’s decoration. If one
wanted a heading to each subelement of
<physDesc>
(when only <msWriting>,
<decoration>
and <bindingDesc>
have content models that make direct provision
for this), one could repeatedly open <physDesc>
and its one <head>
followed by the intended field, close
the first <physDesc>,
only to open another one and start the
procedure afresh as many times as desired.
In its simplest application <physDesc>
need only contain a paragraph. The more
complex encoding will further codicological
studies by allowing complex searching
and computer-generated correlations across
large numbers of descriptions. As always,
the specific encoding project will need
to establish its own encoding rules to
ensure uniform mark-up across a body of
material. It is worth bearing in mind
the ever-present tension between time
and effort invested in encoding vs. the
expected result. Just because an element
exists does not mean that it must always
be used.
Examples:
<physDesc><p>Parch.,
25 f., 21,5 cm x 15 cm, 2 col.</p></physDesc>
<physDesc><support><p>Cart.;
</p></support><p>mis.
<dimensions
type="cm">19 x
13</dimensions>;
di </p><extent>ff.
68</extent>.
<bindingDesc><p>Rileg.
in membr.</p/></bindingDesc></physDesc>
<physDesc><p>Pap.
</p></physDesc><history><p><origDate>XVI
Jahrh.</origDate></p></history><physDesc><p>
117 Blätter. 2<hi
rend="superscript">o</hi>.
Brauner Lederband mit Goldpressung
und Schnitt.</p></physDesc>
|
FORM
<form>
provides the mechanism for encoding the
differing physical shapes in which manuscripts
are found, such as codex, roll, amulet,
holster, girdle book, accordion-pleat,
heart-shaped, tablet.
It is assumed that this element will be
used to signal forms other than codices
–e.g. rolls, girdle books, etc.—
since most manuscripts of the period under
consideration are or originated as codices,
and cataloguers seldom comment on the
form unless it deviates from the norm.
This element must contain <p>.
Note: The distinction between codices
and documents of archival nature, according
to which the different kind of text entails
considerably different physical appearance,
is recognized by means of the "type"
attribute (with value: "document")
on <msDescription>
and on <msPart>.
See Appendix A, "Encoding Medieval
Archival Documents."
Note: The element <form>
is not used to signal fragments; these
are signaled by the "status"
attribute (with legal values of frag[mentary]
or def[ective]) on <msDescription>
and on <msPart>.
Examples:
<physDesc><p>Constructed
so that the roll could be closed up</p>
<form><p>concertina
fashion</p></form><p>
WWW into a "book," which
is read by turning the volume sideways
so that the fore-edge faces the reader.</p></physDesc>
<physDesc><form><p>Rouleau</p></form><support><p>de
<material>parchemin</material></p></support><p>composé
de 8 feuillets de longeur inégale,
attachés à un ombilic
de bois; longueur <dimensions
type="height" units="meters">6.12
</dimensions>m,
largeur <dimensions
type="width">235
à 245</dimensions>mm.
<scriptTerm>Ecriture
bénéventaine</scriptTerm>.</p></physDesc>
<form><p>The
2 outer thirds of each leaf fold vertically
inwards over the middle third; the
entire leaf is then folded horizontally
downward in half. Tabs extending
from the bottom of the middle third
of each leaf, together with protective
morocco flaps front and back are held
by a brass clip with a loop at its
other end, 50 x 32 mm, so as to hang
the calendar from a belt.</p></form>
|
SEAL
<seal>
supplies information about the seal(s)
attached to documents to guarantee their
integrity, or to show authentication of
the issuer or consent of the participants.
Although the term "seal" is also
used to designate the negative matrix
of metal from which the positive impression
in a softer material is made, it is intended
here to describe the resulting impression.
This element may occur within <p>,
and itself contain pertinent elements
such as <origDate>,
<material>,
<dimensions>
among others. Its "type" attribute
might be used to describe, for example,
methods of attaching the seal to the document,
such as pendant, affixed, double. See
Appendix A, "Encoding Medieval Archival
Documents."
Examples:
<seal type="affixed">sigillo
cereo impresso incassato</seal>
<physDesc><p>Parchemin,
<dimensions
type="height">250</dimensions>
x <dimensions
type="width">175</dimensions>
mm (repli <dimensions
type="plica">15</dimensions>
mm), scellé d’un <seal
type="pendant">sceau
de <material>cire
verte</material>
fragmentaire sur double queue de parchemin</seal>.</p></physDesc>
<seal>Multicoloured
silk cord to which the seal was originally
attached. The seal is kept separately
in the Coin Room. It is <material>leaden</material>,
<dimensions
type="diameter" units="cm">8.3</dimensions>
cm in diameter. Cf. W. De Gray Birch,
<title>Catalogue
of Seals in the Department of Manuscripts
in the British Museum</title>
(London, 1900), vol. VI, no. 23082.</seal>
|
SUPPORT
<support>
contains a description of the physical
material on which the manuscript’s
writing, musical notation, decoration
and / or other signifiers are placed,
or are intended to be placed.
Within the <support>
element, the element <p>
is obligatory. The element <p>
may contain an otherwise undifferentiated
prose description of the physical material
of the manuscript. If desired, <p>
can contain the element <material>
in order to ensure more accurate searching
on this important aspect of a manuscript
(see below for a discussion of <material>).
Examples:
<support><p>Carta
di pessima qualitá</p></support>
<support><p>Pergamena</p></support>
<support><p>Written
on 166 <material>membrane</material>
leaves of average quality, preceded
by two 19th-century <material>paper</material>
flyleaves and one medieval <material>membrane</material>
flyleaf, and followed by one <material>paper</material>
flyleaf.</p></support>
|
WATERMARKS
<watermarks>
contains the information regarding the
imprint, usually figurative, left on paper
during its manufacture by the curved or
interwoven slim wire sewn or soldered
onto the frame on which paper is made.
Note that the <watermarks>
element may occur inside any other element,
of which the most obvious is <p>,
while it itself requires an internal <p>.
Examples:
<support><p>Written
on 139 leaves of good quality <material>paper</material>,
preceded and followed by a membrane
flyleaf conjugate respectively with
the front and back pastedowns. <watermarks><p>The
watermark of fols. 1-94 is an ox’s
head in a circle, not identified in
Briquet or Piccard <title>Wasserzeichen
Ochsenkopf</title>.</p></watermarks></p></support>
<history><origin><p>Written
during the final years of the fifteenth
century, as suggested by the identification
of the watermarks <watermarks
rend="ital"><p>Ange</p></watermarks>
and <watermarks
rend="ital"><p>Oiseau</p></watermarks>.</p></origin></history>
|
PALIMPSEST
<palimpsest>
describes reused writing support for a
manuscript from which the previous text
or set of signs was made more or less
to disappear (whether by erasing it or
washing it or scraping it) so that a new
text could be placed on the same support.
The element <palimpsest>
requires, internal to itself, either a
<p>
or <msWriting>.
Its optional "type" attribute
may be applied to the distinction between
the earlier underlying text, and the more
recent overwriting text.
Examples:
<support><p><material>Parchment</material>
(prepared in the southern manner,
used for outer bifolia of all quires
and for the central bifolia of quires
1-5; <palimpsest><p>at
least ff. 6 and 13, palimpsest</p></palimpsest>).</p></support>
<bindingDesc><p>Modern
binding retaining the endleaves presumably
from the original binding, since they
contain a series of <palimpsest
type="overlying"><p>pentrials</p></palimpsest>
in a fifteenth-century hand and, as
palimpsest, the <palimpsest
type="underlying"><p>register
of a notary</p></palimpsest>
located in the same area, given the
place names cited.</p></bindingDesc>
<msDescription><msIdentifier><idno>Vatic.
5757</idno></msIdentifier><history><p><palimpsest><p>
rescriptus</p></palimpsest>,
ut videtur, Bobii, saeculo VII exeunte
vel ineunte VIII ita ut libro Ciceronis
de republica litteris uncialibus elegantissimis
et praegrandibus, fortasse saeculo
IV exarato superponeretur enarratio
S. Augustini in Psalmos litteris iisdem
sed multo humilioribus.</p></history></msDescription>
|
MATERIAL
<material>
denotes the physical substance of
which the manuscript itself, or any of
its component parts, is composed.
The element <material>
may be inserted within any <p>
and therefore can be used, for example,
within tagging such as <support><p>,
<layout><p>,
<decoration><p>,
<decoNote><p>,
<bindingDesc><p>
or <binding><p>
to encode substances commonly used in
the production of manuscripts, such as
paper, lead, gold, morocco, and so on.
Its "type" attribute allows
for encoding that can produce very specific
search results.
Examples:
<support><p>Cod.
en <material
type="parchment">perg.</material>
y <material
type="paper">papel</material>.</p></support>
<layout><p>2
colonne di 36 righe, con rigatura
alla <material>mina
di piombo</material>.</p></layout>
<decoration><p>The
artist has used <material>gold
leaf</material>
for the haloes and <material>painted
gold</material>
for the highlights on the robes.</p></decoration>
<bindingDesc><p>Bound,
<origDate>s.
XV</origDate>,
in blind stamped <material>morocco</material>
over <material>wooden
boards</material>.
Green <material>silk</material>
fore edge ties were added at a later
date.</p></bindingDesc>
|
FORMAT
<format>
is used to encode two different but related
situations: 1) the number of times the
writing support has been folded (mainly
in reference to paper); and 2) the general
designation of size of the codex when
its measurements are not expressed by
precise dimensions (whether parchment
or paper).
The same sets of words are used by cataloguers
to express both situations; therefore,
the encoder, when working with legacy
data, may feel somewhat uncertain as
to the cataloguer’s intention.
It is because of this ambiguity that we
have not attempted to distinguish the
two meanings in this dtd.
Examples:
<support><p><material>Paper</material>in
<format>4<hi
rend="superscript">to</hi></format>
with the watermark consequently hidden
in the gutter.</p></support>
[used here in reference to the folding
of a sheet of paper]
<format>Small
quarto</format>
<physDesc><p><format>16<hi
rend="superscript">o</hi></format>,</p>
<extent>573
bln.</extent>
<decoration><p>initialen.</p></decoration></physDesc>
[physical description of a 13th
century bible, clearly of the "pocket"
variety, certainly on parchment, and
certainly very small. In addition,
the cataloguer’s introduction
specifies that he is using the terms
sextodecimo, duodecimo, octavo, quarto
and folio as general size designations.]
Note: The element <format>
is not used when the dimensions are
given with cardinal numbers; <dimensions>
is the method for encoding that information,
as in this example: <p><dimensions>267
x 180 mm</dimensions></p>
|
DIMENSIONS
|
<dimensions>
|
encodes the height, width and
depth of the manuscript, or of
a part of a manuscript. |
<height>
|
encodes the height of a manuscript. |
<width>
|
encodes the width of a manuscript. |
<depth>
|
encodes the depth of a manuscript. |
|
The element <dimensions>
with its subelements for <height>,
<width>
and <depth>
can be inserted within any <p>.
The default unit of measure is millimeters.
If, however, the cataloguer prefers to
use a different unit of measure, he should
signal it with the attribute "units."
The "type" attribute distinguishes
measurements of different parts of the
manuscript, such as the book block, or
the ruled space or the written space (the
decision to measure "ruled"
or "written" is usually institutional).
The subelement <depth>
is often used in-house by libraries to
construct cases for specific codices,
or to estimate amounts of shelf length
needed; traditionally the concept of depth
is implied by the number of leaves in
the book, which is encoded here as <extent>.
Examples:
<p><material>Membr.</material>;<dimensions
type="block">mm.
225 x 155</dimensions>;
<dimensions
type="written">specchio
mm. 150 x 95 </dimensions>.</p>
<p>Good
quality <material>paper</material>,
without watermarks. Overall size
<dimensions
type="block">271
x 217 mm.</dimensions>
and the column as <dimensions
type="ruled">c.210
x 130 mm</dimensions>,
with 39-40 lines.</p>
<decoration><p>Miniatures,
<dimensions
units="inches">5
x 3 inches</dimensions></p></dimensions>
|
EXTENT
<extent>
supplies information about the quantity
of leaves, pages or membranes contained
in a codex or its parts.
For the purposes of this dtd, it operates
internally to <physDesc>,
which itself lies inside <msDescription>
and inside <msPart>.
If there is reason to encode of the span
of leaves occupied by a text, the location
inhabited by a miniature, the placement
of the 18th century archivist’s
notes, etc. one should use the element
<locus>.
Examples:
<extent>pp.
73</extent>
<extent>cc.
I + 382 + I</extent><p>numerate
381, in quanto vi sono due numeri
283</p>
<physDesc><support><p><material>Papier</material>,</p></support><extent>337
ff.</extent><layout><p>2
Spalten zu 42-44 Zeilen</p></layout><p><dimensions
type="block">225
x 140</dimensions>,
Schriftsspiegel<dimensions
type="written">170
x 100</dimensions>.
Die ganze Sammelhandschrift von derselben
Hand geschrieben.</p>
</physDesc>
But:
<msItem><locus>ff.
1-6v</locus><summary>Calendar
in red and black ink.</summary></msItem>
<decoNote><p><locus>f.
32v</locus>,
miniature of the Nativity of the Virgin.</p></decoNote>
<provenance><p>On
the <locus>dorse</locus>,
summary of the document’s contents
and two sets of collection and box
numbers, with the first crossed out.</p></provenance>
|
COLLATION
<collation>
contains the description of the gathering-by-gathering
composition of a codex, or segment of
a codex, sometimes expressed as a formula,
and sometimes in prose.
The structure is assumed to consist of
bifolia nested one inside another, already
or about to be stitched together as a
unit. There will most often be an even
number to express the number of leaves
of a given quire, or the number that gradually
sums up the leaves in sequential quires
(as in the cataloguing system used in
Germany). There will be an odd number
when single leaves have been added to
or cut from the basic structure.
The element <collation>
must contain <p>,
which can then contain <hi>
to indicate superscripts for formatting.
If more complex encoding is desirable,
<collation>’s
<p>
may contain <formula>,
which must have the attribute <notation>.
Note: This element should not be used
for "collation" in the sense
of comparison of textual variants.
Examples:
<collation><p>1-7<hi
rend="superscript">10</hi></p></collation>
<physDesc><p>Manuscript
in </p><collation><p>seven
quires of ten leaves.</p></collation></physDesc>
<collation><p>3
V<hi rend="superscript">30</hi>
+ IV<hi
rend="superscript">38</hi>
+ 4 V<hi
rend="superscript">78</hi>
+ 2 IV<hi
rend="superscript">94</hi>
+ II<hi
rend="superscript">98</hi></p></collation>
|
CATCHWORDS
<catchwords>
provides a description of the system of
word(s), written in the lower margin of
the last leaf verso of a gathering, as
a preview of the first word(s) of the
first leaf recto of the successive gathering,
to ensure correcting ordering of the quires
by the binder.
Although ante litteram, the <catchword>
element may also be used to encode the
description of pre-twelfth-century ordering
of quires by roman numerals on the first
leaf recto or the last leaf verso; we
have chosen to amalgamate this practice
to that of catchwords, since both systems
order only the quires (and not the leaves),
and since both systems occur once per
gathering.
This element may also be used for the mainly
post-medieval habit of placing preview
words at the foot of each page, as an
aid to the reader.
Examples:
<catchwords>Quires
signed on the last leaf verso in roman
numerals.</catchwords>
<catchwords>The
only evidence of the use of catchwords
is a tiny trace of one on fol. 144v.</catchwords>
<collation><p>Hauptsächlich
Quinionen</p></collation>
<catchwords>mit
Reklamanten</catchwords>
<catchwords>Quelques
réclames, le plus souvent rognées.</catchwords>
<catchwords>Vertical
catchwords in the hand of the scribe
placed along the inner bounding line,
reading from top to bottom.</catchwords>
SIGNATURES
<signatures>
denotes the system of progressive marking
of fascicules and/or of leaves, usually
only through the first half of the gathering,
so that they may be assembled in correct
order by the binder.
This element is used for either the leaf
signatures, or the combination of quire
and leaf signatures. It is used whether
the marking is alphabetic, alphanumeric
or ad hoc (such as Ave-maria-gratia-plena
on the first four leaves of each quire;
or increasing numbers of circles, or slashes,
etc.). This element will also encompass
mention of the mark that indicates arrival
at the center of the gathering, usually
in the gutter of the second recto of
the centermost bifolium.
Note: For the numbering of the quires,
one by one, that occurs in pre-twelfth
century manuscripts, see <catchwords>.
Examples:
<signatures>Quires
23-32 have no signatures.</signatures>
<signatures>At
the bottom of the first four leaves
of quires 1-14 are the remains of
a series of quire signatures a-o plus
roman figures in a cursive hand of
the fourteenth century.</signatures>
|
LAYOUT
<layout>
describes the way in which text is arranged
on the page, specifying, for example,
the disposition and shape of the prick
marks, the
number and medium of the ruled or written
lines, and the number of columns.
Although the element is devised for the
disposition of the text on the page, it
may also contain the description of the
way the illustration is integrated with
the text, if both occur on regular patterns.
The <layout>
element contains <p>.
The attributes are provided to allow more
intensive markup of some of these codicological
features.
Examples:
<layout><p>25-32
long lines ruled in lead.</p></layout>
<layout><p>scr.
a due col. di 47 linee ciascuna.</p></layout>
<layout
columns="2" writtenLines="47">
p>scr. a due col. di 47 linee ciascuna.</p></layout>
<layout><p>Written
in 3 columns, with 8 lines of text
and interlinear glosses in the center,
and up to 26 lines of gloss in the
outer two columns. Double vertical
bounding lines ruled in hard point
on hair side. Text lines ruled faintly
in lead. Remains of prickings in
upper, lower, and outer (for 8 lines
of text only) margins.</p></layout>
|
THE WRITING IN A MANUSCRIPT
A number of elements may be employed to
describe the writing in a codex; none
of them is obligatory; the choice between
the various combinations of elements will
depend upon the greater or lesser intensity
of encoding.
The elements of use in this context are:
<name
role="scribe">
<scriptTerm>
<msWriting>
< handDesc>
<writingSystem>
<handShift>
<name
role="scribe">
|
encodes the indexable name of
the scribe, omitting descriptive
adjectives. |
<scriptTerm>
|
encodes the indexable name of
a script, omitting descriptive
adjectives unless the adjectives
have become necessary as distinguishers. |
<msWriting>
|
contains the full range of descriptive
discussion on paleographic matters
of a codex. |
<handDesc>
|
gathers the discussion of a single
scribe’s work within the
manuscript. |
<writingSystem>
|
is used to designate a manuscript’s
writing system or alphabet, of
which the script is the particular
embodiment. |
<handShift>
|
marks the beginning of a sequence
of text written by a new scribe. |
The simplest level of useful markup will
employ the first two elements in this
list: <name
role="scribe"> and
<scriptTerm>
to encode precisely those words that would
appear in a traditional index, the name
of the scribe and the name of the script,
without any qualifiers that the cataloguer
may have used to help the reader visualize
the scribe’s hand or the script.
The name of the scribe is sometimes the
indication of a persona, rather than an
actual name, such as the "Scribe
of Bologna University 1452."
If the unqualified script name remains
unhelpfully generic ("gothic"
being the prime example), and if the particular
script is often designated with a specific
adjective, the encoder might encapsulate
that adjective within the tags as part
of the script’s name (e. g. "rounded
gothic"; "Burgundian b%acirc;tarde").
Particularly when the material being encoded
derives from several sources (legacy data
from more than one catalogue), the "reg"
attribute will help ensure equal retrieval
of the same script that has been travelling
under different names. For example, the
encoding of a 15th century
library inventory might offer reg="humanistic"
when the text states "littera antiqua."
The values for the "reg" attribute
should be applied consistently across
the body of material, or the return in
functionality will not be high.
The element <scriptTerm>
also carries a "level" attribute
with a closed list of values: formata,
media or currens. We recognize that a
three-way distinction in theory will not
always apply satisfactorily in practice,
and that the variations in levels of formality
of a script are much higher. At the same
time, the option of more levels risks
more uneven judgments by numerous cataloguers,
and lowers the use of the attribute for
retrieval.
Both elements, <name
role="scribe"> and
<scriptTerm>,
may occur inside any <p>,
and thus can be used, for example, in
discussions of binding or of provenance.
A more complex encoding, useful especially
if the material being marked up is of
strong paleographic interest, adds the
second two elements: <msWriting>
and <handDesc>.
The first, <msWriting>
wraps together, potentially under <head>,
an entire description of the writing in
a given document, potentially by a number
of scribes, each of whose individual efforts,
potentially comprising several different
kinds of scripts, is described under multiple
occurrences of <handDesc>.
The <msWriting>
element also has an optional attribute,
"hands," that serves to count
the number of scribes.
The fifth element, <writingSystem>,
describes the writing system for a body
of written material; its value in descriptions
of western manuscripts lies especially
in distinguishing those written in the
Latin alphabet versus those in a Greek
alphabet, but its use is clearly extensible
to designation of manuscripts in other
alphabets, such as Cyrillic or Hebrew.
The element separates the encoding of
writing system from that of language;
the latter is encoded with the <textLang>
element.
The final element, <handShift>,
is an empty marker, a milestone, used
to designate the moment of change from
one scribe to another internally to a
piece of transcribed text. It would occur
in the present context, that of catalogued
descriptions of manuscripts, rather infrequently;
it is more likely to be used in transcriptions
of manuscripts.
Note: The standard TEI element <hand>
is used in the TEI header, in much the
same way in which <handDesc>
is used in this context.
Examples:
|
|
<physDesc><p>Manuscrit
copié par <name
role="scribe">Martin
Olivier</name>
et <name
role="scribe">Raduliaus
(?)</name>
pour <name
role="owner">Gérard
de Porte</name>.</p></physDesc>
<msHeading><note><scriptTerm>Karolingische
Minuskel</scriptTerm>
von einer Hand.</note></msHeading>
<p>Copied
in a formal liturgical <scriptTerm
level="formata">rounded
gothic</scriptTerm>
script in two sizes, according to
function.</p>
<physDesc><msWriting><handDesc><p>Written
in a skilful, upright, late fifteenth
century Florentine formal <scriptTerm>humanistic</scriptTerm>
hand with some cursive features; rather
square in effect. <msIdentifier
type="cited"><institution
reg="British Library">
B. M.</institution><idno>Burney
190</idno></msIdentifier>,
Juvenal, Florentine, late fifteenth century,
with Tedaldi arms, was possibly written
by the same scribe, in a rather more formal
humanistic script, using an open instead
of closed minuscule "a."</p></handDesc></msWriting></physDesc>
<colophon>Laus
et gloria christo, deo gratias. Ego <name
role="scribe">Venceslaus
de alamania alta</name>
complevi sermones suprascriptos.</colophon>
<msWriting><p>Cette
bible fut transcrite par </p><handDesc><p><name
role="scribe" reg="Sigismund
Imthurn">Sigismond In Turri</name>
de Sankt Pölten. </p></handDesc><p>Quelques
mois plus tard</p><handDesc><p>un
second copiste, <name
role="scribe">Etienne
Engelsbruck</name>
de Haslach, recopie les gloses en marges
due texte, gloses rassemblées d’aprés
ses notes recueillies durant ses cours
de théologie suivis ´ l’Université
de Vienne.</p></handDesc></msWriting>
<physDesc><msWriting><p><head
rend="bold">Script</head>Fols.
1<hi rend="superscript">r</hi>
- 94<hi rend="superscript">v</hi>
are in one hand, <scriptTerm>anglicana
formata with secretary influence</scriptTerm>.
Rubrics are in a <scriptTerm>bastard
anglicana</scriptTerm>.
The same scribe uses a smaller script,
pure <scriptTerm>secretary</scriptTerm>
for fols. 95<hi
rend="superscript">r</hi>
– 139<hi
rend="superscript">v</hi>.</p></msWriting></physDesc>
<physDesc><p>Copied
in a controlled, elegant </p><writingSystem>Greek</writingSystem><p>
<scriptTerm>Fettaugenmode</scriptTerm>
script.</p></physDesc>
<history><p>On
f. 61, above the scribe's signature, his
motto <motto>A
deo fortuna dependet</motto>
copied in</p></history><physDesc><writingSystem>Greek</writingSystem><p>letters</p></physDesc>
<explicit>
Et ita sufficiat pro presenti capitulo,
et per quos pro toto isto nono libro almansoris.
<handShift>Explicit
totalis exposicio Gerardi de solo super
novum almansoris rasis.</explicit>
[this encoding signals the change of scribe
for the final line of the explicit]
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PUNCTUATION
<punctuation>
incorporates comments about the punctuation
in a manuscript.
This element must contain <p>.
Examples:
<punctuation><p>Seven-and-point
(?) punctuation.</p></punctuation>
<punctuation><p>Punctuation
by <hi
rend="ital">virgula
suspensiva</hi>
for some (but not all) minor medial
pauses, colon (with a single hairline
between the two points) for major
medial pauses, and <hi
rend="ital">punctus</hi>
for all other pauses except the <hi
rend="ital">interrogatio</hi>.
The ends of texts are indicated occasionally
by either <hi
rend="ital">virgula
suspensiva</hi>
followed by <hi
rend="ital">punctus</hi>,
or by a 9-shaped stroke (representing
the <hi
rend="ital">positura</hi>).</p></punctuation>
MUSIC
NOTATION
<musicNotation>
is the element that encloses a description
of the form of musical notation employed.
It must contain <p>.
Examples:
<musicNotation><p>Neumes
in campo aperto of the St. Gall type.</p></musicNotation>
<musicNotation><p>Polyphonic,
for three voices, with one designated
as "contratenore."</p></musicNotation>
<musicNotation><p>Black
square notation on 4-line red staves.</p></musicNotation>
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|
THE DECORATION OF A MANUSCRIPT
A number of elements may be employed to
describe the decoration of a codex; none
of them is obligatory; the choice between
the various combinations of elements will
depend upon the greater or lesser intensity
of encoding.
The elements of use in this context are:
<name
role="artist">
<decoration>
<decoNote>
<name
role="artist">
|
encodes the indexable name
of the artist or the artistic
persona, omitting descriptive
adjectives.
|
<decoration>
|
gathers together, potentially
under a heading, one or more
discrete units (whether as
<p>
or as <decoNote>)
that discuss the decoration
of a manuscript.
|
<decoNote>
|
is the basic unit for describing
a specific aspect of a manuscript’s
decoration. |
The first element listed here, <name
role="artist">, may
be used inside any <p>
in any part of the description of the
manuscript. It should encode only the
artist’s name, such as would appear
in a traditional index; it may also be
used to encode the anonymous naming of
an otherwise unknown artistic personage.
The second element occurs only within <physDesc>,
since it is the major mechanism for encoding
the illumination. It may contain a heading,
marked with the element <head>,
to set off its discussion from that of
the other large bodies of information
in the description; it may incorporate
a number of general paragraphs (<p>)
or the more specific kind of paragraph
that is reserved for discussions of the
decoration of a manuscript, <decoNote>.
The third element, <decoNote>,
is the one that will allow for the most
specific encoding, since it carries a
number of attributes. Other than the
standard four global attributes, <decoNote>
also proposes:
type
subtype
size
technique
style
quality
all of which have open values, to be determined
by the cataloguer/encoder at will. The
remaining two attributes on <decoNote>
have a closed list of values: yes, no,
and non-applicable, but without specified
default:
figurative (yes | no | na)
illustrative (y | n | n-a)
Definitions of the attributes are:
|
type
|
specifies the part of the manuscript
that has been decorated, e. g.,
miniature, initial, border, etc. |
subtype
|
permits further limitation on
the kind of initial, border, etc. |
size
|
allows for encoding of sizes
expressed in relation to the page |
technique
|
refers to the manner of producing
the decoration |
style
|
encodes the broad concepts of
art-historical periods |
quality
|
allows the cataloguer to express
a value judgment |
figurative
|
announces that the decoration
contains (or does not contain)
representations of actual beings
or objects |
illustrative
|
announces that the decoration
contains (or does not contain)
pedagogical matter such as charts,
diagrams, tables, etc. |
|
The element <decoNote>
may be used internally to <decoration>,
<binding>and
<msItem>;
it requires <p>
as subelement.
Note: The elements, <decoration>
and <decoNote>,
are not intended to encode specific instances
of illumination, but more broadly the
discussion about the illumination’s
characteristics. An alternate method
for encoding all the miniatures in a manuscript,
for example, would be to insert into <decoration>
or <decoNote>,
a <p>
followed by the <list>
element with its repeatable subelement
<item>.
Examples:
|
<note>The
miniature was attributed by Berenson
to <name
role="artist">Giovanni
di Paolo</name>.</note>
<p>De
minaturen van het handschrift kunnen
o.i. zeker worden toegeschreven aan
de <name
role="artist">Meester
van het Dresdens Getijdenboek</name>.</p>
<physDesc><decoration><head
rend="capitals">Decoration</head><p>Five
7-line miniatures.</p><p>Numerous
painted initials in gold and colours.</p></decoration></physDesc>
<physDesc><decoration><head
rend="ital">Ausstattung:</head><decoNote><p>Einzeilige
Initialen in Gold auf blauem, rotem
und grünem Grund mit Goldfiligran,
zweizeilige Initialen in Gold mit
alternierend roter oder grüner
Füllung auf blauem Grund mit
goldenem Filigranbesatz. Miniaturen
und Zierseiten allseitig mit Bordüren
aus Blüten, Ranken, Putti sowie
Medaillons und Felder mit z. T. figürlichen
Motiven. 2 grosse Miniaturen auf
Einzelblättern.</p></decoNote></decoration></physDesc>
<msItem>Treatise
on urines with <decoNote><p>sketches
of bottles containing variously colored
liquids.</p></decoNote></msItem>
<bindingDesc><binding><p>Polished
brown calf over wooden boards, </p><decoNote><p>panel-stamped
with an image of St. John the Evangelist.</p></decoNote></binding></bindingDesc>
<decoration><decoNote
type="miniatures" size="full
page"><p>Full
page miniatures at each chapter division,
attributed to the <name
role="artist">
Maîumflex;tre aux yeux bridés</name>.
<note>We
are grateful to Prof. James Marrow
for the attribution of the artist.</note></p></decoNote><decoNote
type="initials" subtype="historiated"><p>Historiated
initials by a less capable assistant.</p></decoNote><decoNote
type="initials" subtype="painted"><p>Painted
initials only in the first three quires,
thereafter not completed.</p></decoNote></decoration>
<decoration><decoNote
technique="grisaille" figurative="yes"><p>Miniatures
on the versos of added singletons.</p></decoNote></decoration>
<decoration><decoNote
type="initial" subtype="inhabited"
style="romanesque"><p>Inventive
initials inhabited by many small climbing
men.</p></decoNote></decoration>
<decoration><p><list><item>f.
8, Annunciation</item><item>f.
13, Nativity</item><item>f.
19, Annunciation to the shepherds</item></list></p></decoration>
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FOLIATION
<foliation>
provides for mark-up of the numbering
system(s) applied to the leaves or pages
of a manuscript.
It may be used to indicate the scheme,
medium or location of folio numbers, page
numbers, column numbers or line numbers
written in the manuscript, frequently
including a statement about the date when
the numbering was done. It must contain
at least one <p>.
Examples:
<foliation><p>Neuere
Foliierung, die auch das Vorsatzblatt
mitgezählt hat.</p></foliation>
<foliation><p>Original
foliation in red roman numerals in
the middle of the outer margin of
each recto; pagination in an early
modern hand in the lower outer corner
of each page.</p></foliation>
<foliation><p>Lines
numbered by 5s in arabic numerals
in the space between the columns,
in the manner associated with Oxford.</p></foliation>
|
ADDITIONS
<additions>
offers encoding to record any written
or drawn additions to the original state
of the manuscript, such as marginalia,
scribblings, doodles.
The element serves for the miscellaneous
and unofficial additions to the manuscript,
i.e. those that are not properly handled
by the more specific elements such as
<msItem>,
<decoration>
or <provenance>.
The <additions>
element is a subelement of <physDesc>;
it must contain <p>.
Examples:
<additions><p>Doodles
on most leaves, possibly by children,
and often quite amusing.</p></additions>
<physDesc><additions><p>Quelques
annotations marginales des XVIe et
XVIIe s.</p></additions></physDesc>
|
CONDITION
<condition>
summarizes the physical state of a manuscript.
This element will probably be of most use
to describe various unpleasant conditions
(catalogue descriptions seldom comment
on the excellent state of a codex). In
any case, it should not be used to describe
technical conservation repairs to a manuscript;
these are more appropriately described
in <adminInfo>’s
subelement <custodialHist>.
The <condition>
element requires an internal <p>.
Examples:
<condition><p>Stitching,
especially of the first quires, very
loose; front cover detached.</p></condition>
<condition><p>Una
miniatura a f. 26 è stata tagliata.</p></condition>
<condition><p>The
manuscript shows signs of damage from
water and mould on its outermost leaves.</p></condition>
|
THE BINDING OF A MANUSCRIPT
A number of elements may be employed to
describe the binding of a codex; none
of them is obligatory; the choice between
the various combinations of elements will
depend upon the greater or lesser intensity
of encoding.
The elements of use in this context are:
<name
role="binder">
<bindingDesc>
<binding>
<msPart>
|
<name
role="binder">
|
encodes the indexable name of
the binder, omitting descriptive
adjectives. |
|
gathers together, under an optional
heading, one or more discrete
units (whether as <p>
or as <binding>)
that discuss the binding(s) that
a codex may have received over
a period of time. |
|
is the basic unit for describing
the binding of a codex at one
point in time |
<msPart>
|
[See definition elsewhere.] |
|
The element <name
role="binder"> encodes
the name of the binder, whether as an
actual name or as the naming of an anonymous
persona. The attribute "reg"
may be used to signal the normalized and
complete form of the name.
The element <bindingDesc>
occurs as a subelement of <physDesc>.
The subelements of <bindingDesc>
are an optional heading, paragraph(s)
that might enclose other elements such
as <decoNote>
(itself with its own subelement <p>),
or <origDate>,
and as many instances of <binding>
as are necessary.
The element <binding>
requires as subelements either <decoNote>
(for discussions of the decoration on
the binding), or <p>
(more generally). If more than one binding
is known for a given codex, <binding>
may be repeated as often as necessary.
The choice of attibutes on this element
are intended to offer tighter searching
of the date of the binding:
notBefore
notAfter
certainty (high | medium | low)
evidence (internal | external | attributed)
contemporary (yes | no | unk)
Of these, the most relevant is the situation
offered by <binding
contemporary="yes">.
In other circumstances the <origDate>
element is simpler to apply and more specific.
The element <msPart>
is recorded here as a reminder that flyleaves
in bindings, and the covers of bindings
themselves are often parts of manuscripts
other than the primary book under consideration,
with their own texts, places and dates
of origin, and physical characteristics.
For proper searching and retrieval, these
fragments should be catalogued under <msPart>
with the appropriate subelements.
Examples:
|
<bindingDesc><p>Bound
by <name
role="binder" reg="Payne,
Roger">Payne</name>
in his usual style.</p></bindingDesc>
<bindingDesc><binding
contemporary="yes"><p>Bound
by the <name
type="org" role="binder">Pecking
Crow bindery in Paris during the middle
years of the sixteenth century.</p></binding></bindingDesc>
<physDesc><bindingDesc><head
rend="ital">Einband:</head><p>Weisses
Schweinsleder mit reicher, floraler
Goldprägung im historisierenden
Stil über Pappe; Goldschnitt;
19.Jahrhundert.</p></bindingDesc></physDesc>
<physDesc><bindingDesc><binding><p>Bound,
<origDate>s.
XVIII (?)</origDate>,
in <material>diced
russia leather</material>
retaining most of the original fifteenth
century metal ornaments (but with
some replacements) as well as the
heavy wooden boards; on each cover:
</p><decoNote><p>alternating
circular stamps of the Holy Monogram,
a sunburst, and a flower</p></decoNote><p>;
on the cornerpieces, one of which
is missing, a </p><decoNote><p>rectangular
stamp of the Agnus Dei; </p></decoNote><p>
rebacked during the nineteenth (?)
century.</p></binding></bindingDesc></physDesc>
<bindingDesc><binding><p>Bound
in modern vellum. </p></binding><binding><p>Previous
binding in tree calf retained in accompanying
case.</p></binding></bindingDesc>
<physDesc><bindingDesc><p>Bound
in contemporary blind-stamped leather.</p></bindingDesc></physDesc><msPart><history><p>The
flyleaves are from <title>missal</title>,<origPlace>France</origPlace>,<origDate>s.
XIV</origDate>.</p></history></msPart>
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