CESAR,  JULIUS.



 eountry of the Eburones, was cut to pieces oy

 Anibiorix and the Eburones.   Ambiorix  then

 proceeded to attack the camp of Q. Cicero, the

 brother of the orator, who was stationed  with

 a legion among the Nervii; but Cicero defend¬

 ed himself with bravery, and was at length re¬

 lieved by Caesar in person.  In September of

 this year, Julia, Caesar's only daughter and Pom-

 pey's wife, died in  childbirth.   In Caesar's sixth

 campaign (53) several of the Gallic nations re¬

 volted, but Caasar  soon  compelled them to re¬

 turn to obedience.  The Treviri, who  had re¬

 volted, had been supported by the.Germans, and

 Caesar accordingly  again crossed the Rhine, but

made no permanent conquests on the further

side  of the river.  Caesar's  seventh campaign

(62)  was the most arduous of  all.   Almost all

 the nations  of Gaul rose simultaneously in re¬

volt,  and the supreme command was given  to

 Vercingetorix, by  far  the ablest  general  that

 Caesar had yet encountered. After a most se¬

 vere struggle, in which Caesar's military genius

 triumphed  over  every  obstacle, the war was

 brought to a conclusion by the defeat of the

 Gauls before Alesia and the surrender of this

 city.  The eighth and ninth campaigns  (51, 50)

 were  employed in the final subjugation of Gaul.

 which had  entirely submitted  to Caesar by the

middle of 50.  Meanwhile, an estrangement had

 taken place between Caasar and Pompey.  Cae¬

 sar's  brilliant victories  had gained  him fresh

popularity and influence, and Pompey saw with

ill-disguised  mortification that he was becoming

tho second person in  the  state.  He was thus

led to join again the aristoeratical party, by the

assistance  of which he could alone hope to re¬

tain his position as the chief man in the Roman

state.  The great object of this party was to de¬

 prive Caesar of his command, and to compel him

 to come to Rome  as a  private man to sue for

the consulship.   They would then have formal¬

ly accused him, and as Pompey was in the neigh¬

borhood of the city at  the head of an army, the

 trial would have been  a mockery, and his con¬

 demnation would have been certain.  Caasar of¬

fered to resign his command if Pompey would do

 the same; but the senate would not listen to any

 compromise.  Accordingly, on the 1st of Janua¬

 ry, 49, the senate passed a  resolution that Caesar

 should disband his army at a certain day, and

 that if he did not do so,  he should  be regarded

 as an enemy of the state.'  Two of the tribunes,

 M.  Antonius and  Q.  Cassius,  put  their  veto

 upon  this resolution, but their opposition was set

 at naught,  and they fled for refuge  to Caesar's

 camp. Underthe plea of protecting the tribunes,

 Caesar crossed  the Rubicon, which separated

 his province from Italy, and marched toward

 Rome.  Pompey, who had been  intrusted by

 the senate  with the conduct of the war,  soon

 discovered  how  greatly he had overrated his

 own popularity and influence.   His own troops

 deserted to his rival in crowds;  town after town

 in Italy opened its gates to Caasar, whose march

 was like a triumphal progress.  The only  town

 which offered Caesar  any resistance was ^Cor-

 finiura, into which L. Domitius Ahenobarbus had

 thrown himself with a  strong  force; but  even

 this place was oblige i to  surrender at the end

 of a  few  days.  Meantime, Pompey, with the

 magistrates and senators, had fled from  Rome to
 

            CESAR, JDL11.3



Capua, and now, despairing of opposing Caasat

in Italy, he marched from Capua to Brun iisium,

and on the l^th of March embarked for Greece

Caesar pursued Pompey to Brundisium,  but he

was unable to follow him to Greece for want of

ships.  He therefore marched back from Brun

disium, and repaired  to Rome, having thus ii

three months become master of the  whole ol

Italy.  After remaining a short  time  in Rome,

he set out  for Spain,  where Pompey's legates

Afranius, Petreius, and Varro, commanded pow

erful armies.  After defeating Afranius and Pe

treius, and receiving  the submission of Varro,

Caesar returned to Rome, where he had mean

time been appointed dictator by the praetor M.

Lepidus.   He  resigned the  dictatorship at the

end of eleven days, after holding  the consular

comitia, in whieh  he  himself and  P.  Servilius

Vatia  Isauricus were elected consuls for  the

next year.  At the beginning of January, 48,

Caesar crossed over to Greece,  where Pompey

had collected a formidable  army.  At first the

campaign was in  pompey's favor; Caesar  was

repulaed before Dynhachium with considerable

loss, and was  obliged to retreat toward Thes¬

saly.  In this country, on the plains of Pharsalua

or Pharsalia, a decisive battle  was fought be

tween  the  two armies  on the  9th of August,

48, in which Pompey was completely  defeated.

Pompey fled to Egypt, pursued  by Caesar, but

he was murdered  before Caasar  arrived in the

country.  Vid. Pompeius.  His head was brought

to Caasar, who turned away from  the sight, shed

tears at the untimely death of his rival, and put

his murderers to death.  When the news of the

battle of Pharsalia reached  Rome, various hon¬

ors were  conferred upon Caesar.  He was ap¬

pointed dictator for a whole  year and consul for

five years, and the tribunician power  was  con¬

ferred upon him for life.   He declined the  con¬

sulship, but entered  upon  the  dictatorship in

September in this  year (48), and appointed M

Antony his master of  the horse.  On his arrival

in Egypt,  Caesar  became  involved in  a war,

whieh gave the remains  of  the Pompeian party

time to rally.  This war, usually called the Alex¬

andrine war, arose from the determination of

Caesar that Cleopatra, whose  fascinations  had

won his heart, should  reign in common with her

brother Ptolemy ;  but this decision was opposed

by the guardians of the young king, and the war

which thus broke out was not brought  to a close

till the lattar end of March, ii.   It was soon af¬

ter this that Cleopatra had a son by Caesar.  Vid.

C-esarion.   Caesar returned to  Rome through

Syria and Asia Minor, and on his march through

Pontus attacked Pharnaces, the  son of Mithra¬

dates the Great, who had assisted Pompey.  He

defeated  Pharnaces near Zela with sueh  ease,

that he informed the senate of  his victory by

the words Veni, vidi, vici.   He  reached Rome

in September (47), was appointed consul for the

following year, and before the end of September

set sail for Africa, where Scipio and  Cato  had

collected a large army.  The war was termina¬

ted by the defeat of the Pompeian army at the

battle of Thapsus, on the 6th of April, 46.  Cato,

unable to defend  Utiea, put an end to his  own

life.   Caasar returned  to Rome in the latter end

of July.  He  was now the undisputed master

of the Roman  world, 1 it  he used his  victo-7

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