OALINGE.
 

CALLIAS.
 

released all the state-prisoners of Tiberius; he

restored to the magistrates full power of juris¬

diction, without appeal to his person, and prom¬

ised the senate  to govern according to the laws.

Toward foreign princes he behaved with  great

generosity.  He restored  Agrippa, the grand¬

son  of  Herod,  to his kingdom  of Judaea, and

Antiochus IV.  to his kingdom of Commagene.

But at the end of  eight months the conduct of

Caligula became suddenly  changed.   After a

eerious  illness,  which  probably  weakened his

mental powers,  he appears  as  a sanguinary and

licentious madman.   He  put to death Tiberius,

the grandson of his predecessor, Compelled his

grandmother Antonia  and other members of

his family to make  away with themselves, often

caused persons of both sexes and of all ages to

be tortured to death for his amusement while

taking his meals, and on  one  occasion, during

the  exhibition  of the  games  in  the  circus, he

ordered a great number of the spectators to be

seized and to be thrown before the wild beasta.

Such was his love  of blood that he wished the

Roman people had only one head, that he might

cut it off with  a blow.  His licentiousness was

ns great as his cruelty.   His  marriages  were

ilisgracefully contracted and speedily dissolved;

and the only woman who exercised a permanent

influence over him  was his last  wife Caasonia-

In his madness he  considered  himself a  god;

tie even built a temple to  himself as Jupiter La-

tiaris, and appointed priests to  attend to his

Worship.  He sometimes  officiated as his  own

priest, making  his  horse  Incitatus, which he

afterward  raised  to the  consulship, his   col¬

league.    His   monstrous  extravagances   soon

exhausted the  coffers  of the state.  One  in¬

stance may show the senseless way in whieh he

spent hi? money.  He constructed a bridge of

boats between  Baiaa and Puteoli, a distance

of about three  miles, and after covering it with

earth, he built houses upon it.  When it was

finished, he gave a  splendid banquet in the mid¬

dle of tha bridge, and concluded the  entertain¬

ment by throwing  numbers of the guests into

the  sea.  To replenish the treasury, he exhaust¬

ed Italy and Rome by his extortions, and then

marched into Gau. in 40, which he plundered in

all directions.   With his  troops he advanced to

the  ocean, as  if intending to cross  over into

Britain; he drew them up in  battle array, and

then  gave them the signal—to  collect  shells,

which he called the spoils of  conquered Ocean.

The Roman world at length grew tired of  such

a mad  tyrant   Four months after his return to

the  city, on  the 24th of January, 41, he was

murdered by Cassius Ohaarea, tribune of a prae¬

torian cohort,  Cornelius   Sabinus, and  others.

His  wife Caesonia and his daughter were  like¬

wise put to death.

  Caling-e, a numerous  people of India intra

Gangem, on the eastern coast, below the mouths

of the Ganges.

  Calinipaxa (now  Canonge ?  a little above 27°

north latitude), a city on  the Ganges, north of

its  confluence with  the Jomanes (now Jumna),

said to have been  the furthest point in  India

reached by Seleucus Nicator.

   Callaici, Call^eci.  Vid. Gall-eci.

   [Gallas (KdXXag), a river of Eubcea, flowing

from Mount Telethrius into the sea near  Oreus.]
 

  Callatis  (RdXXangi KdXarig :  K&X&Tiavug

now Kollat, Kollati), a town of Mcesia, on tnd

Black Sea, originally a colony of Miletus, and

afterward of Heraelea.

  [Calliades  (KaXXidSri'),  archon " eponymus

at Athens at the time of  the second Persian in¬

vasion, B.C. 480.]

  [Callianassa  (KaXXidvaaaa),   one   of the

daughters of Nereus, mentioned in the Iliad.]

  Calliaeus (KaXXiapog), a town in  Locris,

mentioned by Homer.

  Callias and  Hipponicus (KaXXtag, 'Imrbvi-

Kog), a  noble  Athenian family,  celebrated for

their wealth.  They enjoyed the hereditary dig¬

nity of torch-bearer  at the  Eleusinian myste¬

ries, and  claimed   descent  from  Triptolemus.

1. Hipponicus I, acquired a large fortune by

fraudulently making use of the information he

had received from  Solon  respecting the  intro¬

duction of his  oeictdxdela, B.C.  694.   (Pint,

Sol, 15.)—2. Callias I,  son of Phaenippus, an

opponent of Pisistratus, and a conqueror at the

Olympic and Pythian  games.—3. Hipponicus II,

surnamed Amnion, son of No.  2.—4. Callias

II, son  of No. 3, fought at the battle of Mara¬

thon, 490.  He was afterward ambassador from

Athens to Artaxerxes, and, according to some

accounts, negotiated a peace with Persia, 449,

on  terms  most  humiliating to the latter. On

his return to Athens  he was accused  of having

taken bribes, and was condemned to  a fine of

fifty talents.—5. Hipponicus IIL,  son of No. 4,

one of  the Athenian generals in their incursion

into the territory  of  Tanagra, 426, also com¬

manded at the  battle of Delium, 424, where he

was killed.  It was his divorced wife, and not

his widow, whom Pericles married.  His daugh¬

ter Hipparete was  married to Aloibiades,'witb

a dowry of ten  talents:  another daughter was

married to Theodorus, and became the mother

of Isocrates the orator.—6.  Callias III, Son of

No. 5, by the lady  who married Pericles, dissi

pated all his ancestral wealth on sophists, flat¬

terers,  and women.  The scene of Xenophon's

Banquet, and also  that of Plato's Protagoras, is

laid at his house.  He is said to have ultimately

reduced himself to absolute beggary.  In 400 he

was engaged in the  attempt to crush Andoeides.

In 392 he commanded the Athenian heavy-arm¬

ed  troops, when Iphicrates  defeated the  Spar¬

tans ; and in 371 he was one of the envoys em¬

powered to negotiate peace with Sparta. ,

  Callias.   1.  A  wealthy Athenian, who, on

condition of marrying Cimon's sister,  Elpinice,

paid for him the fine of fifty talents which had

been imposed on Miltiades.  He appears to have

been unconnected  with the  nobler family of

Callias  and  Hipponicus.^—2: Tyrant of Chalcis

in Eubcea, and the rival of Plutarehus, tyrant of

Eretria.  He was   defeated by the. Athenians

under  Phocion, B.C. 350, and thereupon betook

himself to the  Macedonian court; but  as he

could not obtain aid  from Philip, he formed ai N

alliance with the Athenians, and by their means

obtained the supremacy  in  the  island.—8,  A

poet of the old comedy, flourished B.C. 412 ;: the

names  of six of his  comedies  are preserved

[The fragments of his plays are  given in Mei¬

neke's   Fragm.  Comic. Grcc,  vol i, p. 417-

421, edit, minor.]—4.  Of Syracuse, a Greek his¬

torian,  was  a contemporary of Agathocles, audi

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