GADARA
 

GETULIA.
 

but G abia .us hau been promised  by the king a

rem of ten  thousand talents for this  service, aud

accordingly  set at naught both the senate and

the  Sibyl.   His  government  of the provmce

«raB marked  in  other  respects by the  most

shameful venality and oppression.   He returned

to Rome in 54.   He was accused of majestas or

Mgh treason, on account of  Ms  restoration  of

Ptolemy Auletes, in defiance  of the Sibyl and

the authority of the senate.  He was acqmtted

on this  charge; but he was forthwith accused

of repetunde, for the illegal  receipt of ten thou¬

sand talents from Ptolemy.  He was defended

by Cicero, who had been persuaded by Pompey,

much against Ms will, to undertake the defence.

Gabinius,  however, was  condemned on this

charge,  and went into exile.   He was recalled

from exile by Caesar in 49, and in the following

year (48) was sent into lllyricum by Caasar with

some newly-levied troops, in order to  re-enforce

Q.  Oornificius.  He died  in fflyrieura  about the

end of 48,  or the  beginning  of  the following

year.

  Gadara (Tdbapa : Tabapnvbg:  now Um-Keis),

a large  fortified city of Palestine, one of the ten

wMch formed the Deeapolis in Peraaa, stood a

little south of the Hieromax (now Yarmuk), an

eastern  tributary of the Jordan.  The surround¬

ing district,  southeast of the Lake  of Tiberias,

was called  Gadaris, and  was very fertile.  Ga¬

dara was probably favored by the  Greek kings

of Syria,  as it is  sometimes called  Antiochia

and Seleucia ;  it  was   restored by Pompey:

Augustus presented it  to King Herod,  after

whose death it was assigned to the  province of

Syria.   It was made the seat of a Christian bish¬

opric.   There were  celebrated  baths in its neigh¬

borhood, at Amatha.

  Gades  (rd Tdbeipa:  Tabeipevg,  Gaditanus:

now Cadiz), a very  ancient  town  in Hispania

Baetica, west  of the Pillars of Hercules, found¬

ed by the Phcenicians, and one of the chief seats

of their commerce in the west of Europe, was

situated on a small  island of the same name

(now Isle de Leon), separated from the  main

land by a narrow channel, wMeh in its narrowest

part was only the breadth of a stadium, and

over whieh a bridge was built.  Herodotus says

(iv, 8) that the island of ErytMa  was close to

Gadeira ; whence most later  writers supposed

the island of Gades to be the same as the myth¬

ical island of ErytMa, from wMch Hercules car¬

ried off the oxen of Geryon.   A new town was

built by Cornelius  Balbus,  a native of Gades,

and the circumference of the old and new towns

together was only  twenty stadia.   There were,

however, many of the citizens dwelling  on the

main land opposite the island, as well as on a

smaller  island (S. Sebastian  or Trocadero) in

the immediate neighborhood  of the larger one.

After the first Punic  war Gades came into the

hands  of the  Carthaginians; and in  the second

Punic  war it  surrendered of its own accord to

the  Romans.  Its  inhabitants received  the  Ro¬

man franchise from Julius Caesar.  It became a

municipium, and was called  Augusta urbs Julia

 Gadita-ia,   Gades was from the earliest  to the

latest  times an important  commercial  town.

Its  inhabitants  were  wealthy,  luxurious,  and

licentious;  and their lascivious dances  were

celebrated  at Rome.   (Juv, xi, 162)   Gades
 

possessed celebrated temples of Sat am (Croii is)

and  Hercules.  Its drinking water was as bad

in antiquity as it  is in the present day.  Gades

gave  its name to the Fretum Gaditanum, the

straits at the entrance of the Mediterranean, bo

tween Europe and Africa (now  Straits of Gib

raltar)

  Qma  or Ge  (Tala or P^), the psrsomdcation

of the earth.  Homer describes her as a divine

being, to whom black  sheep were sacrificed, and

who was invoked by persons taking oaths; and

he calls  her the mother of  Erechtheus  and Tity-

us.   In  Hesiod she is the first being that sprang

from  Chaos, and gave birth to Uranus (Ccelus)

and  Pontus.   By Uranus  (Ccelus) she became

the mother of Oceauus, Coaus, Crius, Hyperion,

Iapetus,  Thia,  Rheia,  Themis,  Mnemosyne,

Phcebe,  Tethys,  Saturn (Cronos), the  Cyclopes,

Brontes, Steropes,  Arges, Cottus, Briareus, and

Gyges.  These children were hated by their fa¬

ther,  and Ge (Terra)  therefore concealed them

in the bosom of the earth;  but she  made a large

iron  sickle,  gave it to her sons, and  requested

them to  take  vengeance  upon  their  father

Cronos  (Saturn) undertook the  task,  and  mu¬

tilated  Uranus (Ccelus).    The drops   of  blood

which fell from  Mm  upon the earth (Ge) be¬

came the  seeds of the Erinnyes, the  Gigantes,

and the Melian nymphs.  Subsequently Ge (Ter¬

ra) became, by  Pontus, the mother  of Nereus,

Thaumas,  Phorcys,  Ceto,  and Eurybia.  Ge

(Terra)  belonged to the deities of the  nether

world (-Beol xBbvioi)  and  hence she is frequent

ly mentioned  where  they are  invoked.   The

surnames and epithets given to her  have more

or  less  reference  to  her  character as the all-

producing and all-nourisMng mother ('/.iu,i,er uM-

niparens et alma).   Her worship appeal s to have

been  universal among  the Greeks,  and she  had

temples or altars in  almost  all  the  cities of

Greece.  At  Rome the earth was worshipped

under the name  of  Tellus (which  is only  a

variation of Terra).   She  was regarded  by tho

Romans also as one of the deities  of the nether

world (Inferi), and is mentioned  in connection

with Dis and the Manes.  A temple was built to

her by  the consul P.  Sempronius Sophus, in B.

C.  304.  Her festival was celebrated  on the

15th of April and was called Fordicidia or Hor-

dicidia.   Tho sacrifice, consisting of cows, was of¬

fered up in the Capitol  in the presence of tho

Vestals.

   G-eson,  G-esus, or Gessus  (Tataov ) a river

of Ionia in  Asia Minor, falling into the Gulf of

Maaander near the promontory of Myeale.

   G-etulia (TaiTovXia), the interior of Northern

Africa,  south of Mauretania, Numidia, and the

region  bordering on the Syrtes, reaahing to the

Atlantic Oeean  on the west,  and of  very in¬

definite extent toward the east and the south.  The

people  included  under the name  Gaatuli  (r<M-

rovXoi), in its  widest sense,  were the inhabit¬

ants  of the region between the  countries just

mentioned and the Great Desert,  and  also  in

the Oases of the latter, and nearly as far south

as the River Niger.  They were a great nomad

race, including several tribes,  the chief of whom

were the Autololes and Pharusii on the western

coast, the Daraa, or Gaatuli Daraa, in the  steppes

 of the  Great Atlas,  and the  Melanogaetuli, a

black race resulting  from the intermixture of

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