GYZANTES.
 

HADRIMNUS.
 

Msbis, tyrant ot Sparta, whereupon it joined the

Achaean league.

  Gyzantes (Tvfcvreg), a people in the western

part of  Libya (Northern Africa), whose country

was rich in honey mid wax.   They seem to have

dwelt in Byzaciun               ,



                     H.



  Hades o.-  Ploto ('Atbng,  HXovruv, or poeti-

eally 'Aidr,; A'ibavevg, HXovrevg) the God of the

Nether  World.   Plato observes that  people

preferred calling him Pluto (the giver of wealth)

to pronouncing the  dreaded  name of Hades or

Aides.  Hence  we  find  that in ordinary life

and in the  mysteries the name Pluto became

generally established, while the poets preferred

the ancient name  Aides  or the form  Pluteus.

The  Roman  poets  use the  names Dis, Orous,

ana  Tartarus, as synonymous with Pluto, for

the god of the Nether World.  Hades was son

of Saturn (Cronus) and Rhea, and brother of Ju¬

piter (Zeus) and Neptune (Poseidon).  His wife

was Persephone or Proserpina, the daughter of

CereB (Demeter), whom he carried off from the

upper world, as is  related elsewhere.   Vid. p.

248, a.  In the division of the world  among

the three  brothers,  Hades (Pluto) obtained the

Nether  Woild, the abode  of the  shades, over

which he  ruled.  Hence he  is called the  infer¬

nal Jupiter (Zeus) (Zeig  KaraxBbviog),  or the

king of the shades (aval; kvepav).  He possessed

a helmet whieh rendered  the wearer invisible,

and later traditiona  stated that this helmet was

given him  as a present by the  Cyclopes after

their  delivery  from  Tartarus.  Ancient  story

mentions both  gods and men  who  were hon¬

ored by Hades (Pluto) with  the temporary use

of this helmet.  His character is described as

fierce and  inexorable,  whence of all the gods

he was  most hated  by mortals.  He kept the

gates of the lower world  closed (and is there¬

fore called  HvXdpTnc), that no shades might be

able to  escape or return to the legion  of light

When mortals invoked him,  they struck the

earth with their hands;  the sacrifices  which

were  offered to him and Persephone  (Proser¬

pina) consisted of black sheep; and the person

who offered  the sacrifice had to turn away his

face.  The  ensign of his power was a staff, with

which, like Hermes  (Mercury), he  drove the

shades into the lower world.   There  he sat

upon a throne with his consort Persephone (Pro¬

serpina).  Like the  other gods, he was not a

faithful  husband;  the Furies  are  called his

daughters; the nymph Mintho, whom he loved,

was  metamorphosed  by  Persephone  (Proser¬

pina) into  a plant called mint; and the nymph

Leuee, with whom he was likewise in love, was

changed by him  after her  death into a white

poplar, and transferred to Elysium.  Being the

king of  the lower world, Pluto is the giver of

all  the  blessings  that  come from the earth: he

is the poaseasor and giver of all the metals con¬

tained in  the earth, and hence  his name Pluto.

He bears several  surnames  referring to Ms ul¬

timately assembling all mortals in Ms kingdom,

and bringing them  to  rest and peace; such as

Polydegmon, Polydeetes, Clymenus, &e.  He was

worshipped throughout Greece and Italy.  We

possess few representations of this divinity, but
 

 in those which still exist, he resembles his brothel

 Jupiter (Zeus) and Neptune (Poseidon),  except

 that his hair falls down his forehead, and that Ms

 appearance is  dark and gloomy.  His ordinary

 attributes  are  the  key of Hades and Cerberus.

 In Homer  Aides is invariably the name of the

 god; but in later times it was transferred to his

 house, his abode or kingdom, so that it became A

 name for the nether world.

   Hadranum.   Vid. Adrakum.

   Hadrta.  Vid. Adria.

   Hadrianopolis ( ASpiavbrroXig:  'AdpiavoiroAi,

 Trig: now Adrianople), a town in Thrace, on the

 right bank of the Hebrus, in an extensive plait

 founded by the Emperor Hadrian.  It was strong

 ly fortified; possessed an extensive  commerce;

 and in the Middle A ges was the most important

 town in the cour.try after Constantinople.

   Hadrlanothera or -m ('AdpiavovBijpa), a city

 in Mysia,  between Pergamus  and Miletopolis,

 founded by the Emperor Hadrian.

   Hadrianus, P. -<Elius, usually called Hadri¬

 an, Roman emperor A.D. 117-138, was born at

 Rome, A.D. 76.  He  lost his father at the  age

 of ten, and was brought up by his kinsman Ulpi-

 us Trajanus (afterward  emperor) and by Caelius

 Attianus.  From an  early age  be studied with

 zeal  the  Greek language  and literature.  At

 the  age of fifteen  he went to  Spain, where he

 entered upon his  military career; and he sub¬

 sequently served as military tribune in Lower

 Mcesia.  After the elevation of Trajan  to  the

 throne  (98), he married Julia Sabina,  a grand¬

 daughter  of  Trajan's  sister  Marciana. TMs

 marriage was brought about through the influ¬

 ence  of Plotina, the  wife of Trajan; and from

 this time  Hadrian rose rapidly in  the empeiv

 or'a favor.  He waa  raised successively to  the

 queestorship (101), praatorship (107), and  consul■

 ship  (109).  He accompanied  Trajan  in most

 of his  expeditions,  and distinguished himself

 in the second war against the Dacians, 104-

 106 ; was  made governor of Pannonia in 108,

! and subsequently fought under Trajan against

: the Parthians.  When  Trajan's serious illness

1 obliged him to leave the East, he  placed Ha¬

 drian at the head of the army.  Trajan died at

 Cilicia on  his journey to Rome (117).  Hadrian,

 who  pretended that he had been adopted by

 Trajan, was proclaimed  emperor by the legions

 in Syria,  and  the  senate ratified the election.

 Hadrian's  first care was  to make peace with the

 Parthians, which he  obtained  by relinquishing

 the  conquests  of Ti ajan east of the Euphrates.

 He  returned  to Rome  in 118; but almost im

 mediately afterward  set  out for Mcesia, in con¬

 sequence of the invasion of  this province by the

 Sarmatians.   After making peace with the Sar

 matians, and  suppressing a formidable conspir¬

 acy which had been formed against his  life by

 some  of the most distinguished Romau nobles.

 all of whom he put to death, he returned to

 Rome  in  the course of the  Bame ye»r.  He

 sought to gain the good will of the senate by

 gladiatorial  exhibitions and  liberal largesses,

 and he also  cancelled  all arrears of taxes  dut

 to the state for the last fifteen years.   The re

 mainder  of Hadrian's  reign was  disturbed by

 few  wars. He spent  the  greater part  of Me

 reign in travelling  through the various  provinces

 of the empire, in  order that he  might inspect

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