JUSTLNUS.
 

LABDA
 

 Oorpus for general use are by Gothofredus and

 Van Leeuwen, Amst, 1663, 2 vols fol.; by Ge-

 bauer  and Spangenberg, Gotting, 1776-1797, 2

 vols. 4to ;  and by Beck, Lips, 1836, 2 vols. 4to.

  Justinus.    1.  The Mstorian,  of  uncertain

 date, but who did not live later than the fourth

 or fifth century of our era, is the author of an

 extant work entitled Historiarum Philippicarum

 Libri XLIV.  This work is taken from the His¬

 toric Philippice of Trogus Pompeius, who lived

 in the  time  of Augustus.  The  title Philippice

 was given to it, because  its main  object was to

 give the history of the Macedonian monarchy,

 with all its branches; but in the execution of

 this design, Trogus permitted himself to indulge

 in so many excursions, that the work  formed a

 kind of universal  history from the rise of the

 Assyrian monarchy to the conquest of the  East

 by Rome.   The original  work of  Trogus, which

was one of great  value, is lost.  The work of

Justin is not so much  an  abridgment of that of

Trogus, as a selection of such parts as  seemed

4o him most worthy of being generally known.

Edited  by Graavius, Lugd. Bat, 1683 ;  by Gro¬

novius,  Lugd. Bat,  1719 and  1760 ; and by

Frotseher, Lips,  1827,  3 vols. — 2. Surnamed

the Martyr, one of the earliest of the Christian

 writers, was born about A.D. 103,  at Flavia Ne-

 apolis,  the Sheehem of the Old Testament, a city

 in Samaria.   He was  brought up  as a heathen,

 and in Ms youth studied the Greek philosophy

 with zeal aud ardor.  He was afterward con¬

 verted  to Christianity.  He retained as a Chris-

 tiari the garb of a philosopher, but devoted Mm-

 Belf to  the propagation,  by writing and other¬

wise, of the  faith which he had embraced.  He

 was put to death at Rome in the persecution

 under  Marcus Antoninus, about  165.  Justin

 wrote  a large number of works m Greek, sev¬

eral of wMch have come  down to  us  Of these

the most important are, 1. An Apology for the

 Christians, addressed  to  Antoninus Pius, about

 139 ; 2.-4 Second Apology for the Christians, ad¬

 dressed to the emperors M. Aurelius  and L.

 Verus; 3. A Bialogue with Tryphon the Jew, m

 whieh  Justin defends Christianity against the

 objections of Tryphon.  The  best  edition of the

 collected works of Justin is by Otto, Jena, 1842-

 1844, 2 vols. 8vo;  [second edition, Jena, 1848-

 50, 3 vols. 8vo.]

  Justus, a Jewish historian  of Tiberias  in Gal-

 ilaaa, was a  contemporary of the Mstorian Jo¬

 sephus, who was very hostile to him.

  Juturna, the nymph of a fountain in Latium,

 famous for its healing qualities.   Its water was

 used in nearly all sacrifices; a ehapel was ded¬

 icated  to  its nymph at Rome in the Campus

 Martius by  Lutatius  Catulus;   and  sacrifices

 were offered  to her on the 11th of January.   A

 pond in the forum, between the temples of Cas¬

 tor and  Vesta,  was  called  Lacus  Juturnae,

 whence we  must  infer  that the   name of the

 eymph Juturna is  not connected with jugis, but

 probably with juvare.  She is said to have been

 beloved by Jupiter, who  rewarded her with im¬

 mortality and the rule over the waters.  Some

 writers call her  the wife of Janus  and mother

 of Fontus, but in the iEneid she appears as the

 affectionate sister of Turnus.

  Juvavlm or Juvavia (now Salzburg), a town

 in  Nfirieum, on the  River  Jovavus  or Isonta

             4  4
 

(now Salza), was a Roman colony founded by

Hadrian, and the residence of the Roman  gov¬

ernor of the province.  It was destroyed  by the

Heruli in the fifth century, but was  afterward

rebuilt.

  JuvENiLrs, Decimus Junius, the Great Roman

satirist, but of whose life we have few authentic

particulars.   His  ancient  biographers  relate

that he was  either the son or the " alumnus " of

a rich freedman; that he occupied  himself, until

he  had nearly reached the term of middle life,

in  declaimmg; that, having subsequently com

posed some  clever  lines  upon Paris the  panto¬

mime, he was induced to cultivate assiduously

satirical composition; and  that,  m consequence

of  his attacks upon Paris becoming  known to

the court, the poet, although now an old man of

eighty, was appointed to the command  of a body

of troops, in a remote district of Egypt, where

he  died shortly  afterward.  It is  supposed by

some that the Paris who was attacked by Ju

venal was the contemporary of Domitian,  and

that the poet was  accordingly banished by this

emperor.  But  this opinion is  clearly untena¬

ble.  1. We know that Paris was killed in A.D

83, upon suspicion of an intrigue with the  Em¬

press Domitia.  2.  The fourth satire, as appears

from the concluding lines, was written after the

death of Domitian, that is, not  earlier than 95.

3. The first satire, as we learn from  the forty-

ninth hue, was written  after the condemnation

of Mariua Priseus, that is, not earlier  than  100,

These  positions  admit of no doubt;  and hence

it is established that Juvenal was alive at least

seventeen years  after the  death of Paris,  and

that some  of Ms  satires were  composed after

the  death of  Domitian.   The only facts with

regard to Juvenal upon wMch we can  implicitly

rely are, that he flourished toward the close of

the first century; that Aquinum, if not the place

of his nativity, was at least Ms chosen residence

(iSfofc,'iii., 319); and that he is, in  all probability,

the friend whom  Martial  addresses in  three epi¬

grams.   There  is,  perhaps,  another circum¬

stance which we may admit. We are told  that

he  declaimed for many years of Ms  life;  and

every  page  in his  writings bears evidence to

the accuracy of this  assertion.  Each piece is

a fimshed rhetorical  essay, energetic, glowing,

and sonorous.  He denounces vice m the most

indignant terms; but  the obvious tone of exag¬

geration which  pervades  all  his   invectives

leaves us in doubt how  far tMs sustained  pas¬

sion is real, and how far assumed  for show

The extant works  of  Juvenal consist  of sixteet

satires, the last being a fragment of very  doubt

ful authenticity, all composed in heroic hexam¬

eters.  Edited by  Ruperti, Lips, 1819 ; and by

Heinrich, Bonn, 1839.

   Juventas.   Vid. Hebe.

   Juventius.   1.  Celsus.  Vid.  Celsus. — 3.

Laterensis.   Vid. Laterensps.—3.  Thalna.—

 Vid. Thalna.

   [Juverna, another  name for Hibernia.   Vid

Hibernia.]



                     L,



   Laeda (AdBSd), a daughter of the Bacchiad Am»

phion, and mother of  Cypselus by Eetion   Vtd

Cypselus