DESCRIPTION OF PLATES                                     183

at this early period; although it is a noticeable fact, and one of importance, that, even
in the vicinity of the Fort, the situation of the farms or plantations does not yet suggest
any general idea of concentration. It was only after the Indian War of 1643 that the
inhabitants of Manhattan Island learned, at the cost of much bloodshed, the importance
of community life, and concentration for mutual protection. This war did much to con¬
vert the colonists into town builders. The Manatus Map shows them still, to a con¬
siderable extent, an unorganised group of settlers, in which each Individual lived by and
for himself.

From a comparison of the maps with data contained in the documents of the period,
we shall see that, in most respects, they are accurate and trustworthy.

Reproduced and described here for the first time.
 

C. Plate 42
Manatvs Gelegen op de Noot [sic] Riuier
(The Manatus Map—Harrisse Copy—often referred to as the Vingboons Survey)
Manuscript on paper, in colours.       26^x17^                  Date depicted: 1639.

Date of drawing: Probably
1665-70.
Owner: Library of Congress (Harrisse bequest).

Anonymous Dutch map, giving approximately the same representation as the fore¬
going (PI. 41), and having the same references. The Castello and Harrisse copies of the
Manatus Map were evidently made in the same studio, about 1665-70, from the same
original, which, as we know from Internal evidence, must have been made in 1639. There
are some small differences in the inscriptions on the two maps, from a study of which it
Is evident that, in most respects, the copy preserved in the Villa Castello gives a more accu¬
rate representation of the original than does the Harrisse copy.—See Topography.

The colours are distributed as follows: The country is coloured green; the coast-line
is shaded in blue; the islands and portions of the mainland have coloured contours—•
yellow or rose; the roofs of the houses are red and blue, and the whole map Is surrounded
by yellow and red lines.

The water-mark, which can be made out with difficulty, is a coat of arms with a fleur-
de-lis. Following the word "Riuier" of the title, some word has, apparently, been erased.
The entire map is covered by a network of crossing lines, scratched a froid.

This copy of the Manatus Map is briefly described by G. Marcel, In his Reproductions
de cartes y de globes relatifs d la decouverte de L'Amerique du XVI' au XVIU' siecle (see
ante, Introduction). It is also referred to under No. 713 of the Posthumus Catalogue
(see Introduction), and under No. 277 of the Catalogue des Documents Geographiques, etc.,
exhibited at the Bibliotheque Nationale in commemoration of the four hundredth anni¬
versary of the discovery of America, G. Marcel, Paris, 1892.

It is reproduced here photographically for the first time. A small free hand outline
sketch appeared in the French paper L'Illustration, for July 2,1892 (the Columbian Celebra¬
tion issue of that periodical).