942
 

THE ICONOGRAPHY OF MANHATTAN ISLAND
 

1582 calendar were eleven days behind the dates ot the Gregorian cal-
Oct. endar. To secure uniformity in dates and time-reckonings, the
5-15 British parUaraent decreed that eleven days should be stricken
from the cdendar aad that the day foUowing the second day ot
September, 1752, should be caUed the fourteenth. Prior to this
tirae, the official English year began on the twenty-fifth of March,
Lady Day or Annundation, so-called froro the coramon bdirf that
the incarnation ot Christ was announced to the Virgin Mary by the
angel Gabriel on that day (Luke, i, 26-38). In reckoning the
months, March was caUed the first and February the twelfth,
September, October, Noveraber, and December thus having the
numerical rank indicated by their names. At the lime of tbe cor¬
rection of the British calendar In 1752, the beginning of the official
year was changed, trora the twenty-fifth of March to the first of
January to conform to the common usage ot the greater part of
Christendom—a change that had been partly anticipated by writing
dates from the first of January to the twenty-fourth of March
inclusive as follows: January 8, 17O4-05, or January 8, 1704/5.
As usual, English law was conforraed to English custom.^Avery,
Hisl. ofthe U, S,, U: xxxi—xxxiii.  See also Sept. 3/14, 1752.

1588

—         The Expedlllo FranciscI Draki in Indias Occidentdes, published
at Leyden in this year (Church Catdogue, No. 134A) contains four
large folding views, oneot which, St. Augustine, Is the earliest
known view of a North American dty. The author's collection
contains a copy of this rare view.

1594

—          During this and the following year, Robert Dudley cruised with
three ships in the West Indies, and on his return to England, while
skirting the coast frora Florida to Newfoundland, about April 15,
1595, was in 40° 10' N.L., "160 leagues distant by the great circle
from the island of Bermuda, . . . counting 20 leagues to a de¬
gree," as recorded In the reuller of Abram Kendall, master of Dud¬
ley's flagship, the "Great Bear," printed in the Arcano del' Mare,
Book II, chap, v, p. 12. This account, as wdl as Dudley's own jour¬
nal, printed in Hakluyt's Voyages, TH: 574, and the account ot Capt.
Wyatt, are aU given, with explanatory notes, in The Voyage of
Robert Dudley le the West Indies, 1594-15951 published by the
Hakluyt Society. See also description of C. Pis. 35, 36, 37, Vol, II.

1599

—          Samud de Champlain lett SeviUe in January, 1599, on the
"armament of the King of Spain, which was accustomed to go
every year to the Indies," and spent three years in the West Indies,
Central America, and Mexico. On his return, he saUed dong the
east coast ot Florida, and, having sighted the Bermudas, reached
SeviUe again in 1602.—From MS. written and illustrated by
Champlain, and pub. for the first tirae fay the Hakluyt Soc in 1859.

1601

—          "In Onno 1601 several Merchants of HoUand set out 17 Arraa-
tures for to seize, plunder and make prize of dl Spanish ships and
vessds In the West Indies or to burn and destroy any of the Spanish
towns and villages in those parts, and for tbe better effecting their
designe they recdved liberty of Queen Elizabeth to loan some har¬
bour about the Idand Manhattan, Sec, betwiit the degree ot 40
and 41 where they could finde the most convenient places for thdr
cleaning and refitting their ships, here they built a large magazine
for their purpose which they fortified with four bastions and caUed
the place Stains Isle, settled 3 factories, one there, the 2nd on
the south west point of the Manhattan Isle, where since was buUt
New Amsterdam, a 3rd on a point of land called Pauls Hook,
where they drove a very considerable trade with the Native Indians
for several sorls of Furs, and made bold vrith the Queens Grace,
so farr that they began a Colony there and caUed it New Nether¬
lands, and in the year 1608 forced an English ship under the Com¬
raand of our Capt. Srallh to strike to the States flag, which King
James, though a peaceable prince, so highly resented that he com¬
missioned Sir Samuel Arga! to sail thither with five men ot war
to destroy the said Colony, which was accordingly effected, and
they engaged never to plant there agdn, and yet the West India
Company ot HoUand In Ihe year 1620 began 3 Colony there a
second time, having raade their posirion so strong in the English
Court that tbey were not disturbed tiU the year 1664, at which
time, such was the general compldnt ot the English Merchant, and
 

also ot the English Planters that live under their government, that 1601
although there was peace betwixt the Maj''^^ of Great Britain and —-
the States of the United Provinces, His Majesty commissioned
Colond Richard Nichols and some other gentiemen to dispossess
the West Indian Company of the said Colony and to incorporate
it into the EngUsh Monarchy as soon as the said ships arrived the
Governor and Inhabitants quietly surrendered theraselves and
became subjecls of England under tbe Government ot His High¬
ness the Duke of York."—Frora a MS. ot c 1675 in the author's
collection.

1609
The material regarding Hudson's voyage was in print before   Apr.
the author saw a copy of Naher's book on the voyage of the "Half     4=
Moon," issued by Nljhoff in 1921 as Vol. XIX of the Linschoten   Nov.
Society pufalicalions, and entitledHenryHudson's reize onderNeder-     7
landsche Vlagvan Amsterdam naar Nova Zembla, Amerlka en terug
naar Dartmouth in Engetand,   Volgens bet journad van Robert Juel
uitgegeven door S. P, L'Honore Nd>er, It is a satisfaction to note
that Nafaer's conclusions are, in general, the same as those reached
by the author, and outilned in Vol. II of the Icohocrapht, pub¬
lished in 1916, and devdoped in more detail in tbe present volume.

I6IO

For reproduction ot the titie-page ot the only known copy of the   —
origind folio 1610 edition of Van Meteren, and tbe two pages con¬
taining the account of Hudson's third voyage and the discovery of
Manhattan Island and Hudson River, see Apr. 4 to Nov. 7, 1609;
1611; and Pis. iB and iC, Voh IV.
 

1619
 

"In 1619—one year before the Pilgrim Fathers came to the —
land naraed New England by Captain John Sraith—Sir Edwin
Sandys, president of the Virginia Company in old England, raoved
the grant ot ten thousand acres of land tor the establishment of a
university at Henrico [in Vlrginlal- The proposed grant which was
duly made, induded one thousand acres tor an Indian college; the
remainder was to be 'the foundation of a seminary ot learning for
the English'. The very same year the bishops of England, at the
suggestion ot the King, raised the sura ot fifteen hundred pounds
for the encouragement of Indian education. Thus, by the com¬
bined authority of church and state, was anlicipated by raore than
two centuries the endowment of such institutions as are now repre¬
sented by the Hampton School and by the Uruversity ot Virginia."
—Adams, Tbe College qf William and Mary, II.

1622
In this year, Nicolaes van Wassenaer began the publication In   —
Arasterdam of theHislorlsch Verhael, or "Historical Account ot all
the most Remarkable Events which have happened In Europe," etc.
The first volume covered the months trom Jan, to June, 1621, its
prrface bdng dated Aug. 30, 1621.    See PI. 3, Vol. IV.

1626

Frederick Muller's catalogue of May 18,  1869  (Item  1218)   —
describes under the date 1626-54 two manuscripts (12-pages), one
on the occupation of New Netherland by the West India Co., the
other on the South (Ddaware) River and the capture of Fort Casi¬
mir by the Swedes; bought by Westerman Sc Co., New York.

Frederick MuUcr's catalogue of the Van Clerf collection, sold —
Dec. 19, 1S72 (itera 1090), describes an "autograph letter signed
P. Courten concerning New Netherland (1626)." This Item was
bought by F. W. Christern of New York. Under the sarae itera is
offered a lot of "different MSS. rdating to the West Indies 1626-
1634." This item was also bought by Christern.

1628

Endicott arrive* m New England and lays the foundation of Sept.
the settlement at Sdem, which lay within the grant obtained by 6^16
him and bis associates on March 19, and which extended frora a
point three miles north of the Merriraac to a point three miles
soulh ot the Charles River, and trom the Atlantic to the Pacific.
On March 4, 1629, a royal charier was granted, creating a corpora¬
tion under the legal style of "The Governor and Corapany of
Massachusetts Bay in New England." Six sraaU ships were fitted
out, and sailed under the command of Francis HIgginson, with
300 men. So woraen, 26 children, 140 head of cattle, 40 goals, and