PRINTING AND BOOKMAKING.
 

BOB
 

can be bought easily in the market. To some extent
the dimensions are regulated by fancy. The following
are the most usual

dimensions op pamphlet pages of type.
 

Sizes.
 

Flat Cap,
14 by 17in.
 

Folio Post,
17 by 22 in.
 

Medium,
19 by 24 in.
 

Super-
Royal,
22 by 28 in.
 

Folio   .
Quarto
Octavo
12mo   .
16mo   .
18mo   .
24m 0   .
32mo   .
36mo   .
48mo   .
64mo   .
72mo   .
 


 

Ems pica.
34x65
29x37
16x33
14x26
15x18
12x20
12x15
9x15
9x12
 

Ems pica.
44x76
34x48
22x38
17x33
18x23
14x25
15x19
11x19
11x16
 

Ems pica.
49x86
40 X 52
24x42
19x36
20x26
16x28
16x20
12x22
13x17

9x18
10x13

8x14
 

Ems pica.
57x99
46x60
28 X 50
22x42
23x30
19x32
14x32
14x24
15x20
11x25
14x14
11x13
 

Bookseller.—One who follows the business of buy¬
ing and selling books. Except in the larger cities he
nearly always unites some other calling with it, as the
profits are small and few books are bought as a rule, the
newspapers, magazines and cheap literature taking away
his customers. In the older works booksellers are synon¬
ymous also with publishers. Every bookseller issued
some books on his own account. It was a practice in
the last century, and was continued to some extent in
this, for several booksellers to join in the publication of
a work, dividing expenses and profits, and those works
were very generally delivered to them in sheet form.
Dr. Johnson's Dictionary was thus brought out, and so
were some of the earlier volumes of Scott, when they
were reprinted in the United States. A Bible in the
office of the New York Typothetse, printed by George
Long in New York in 1813, was published by Evert
Duyckinck, John Tiebout and G. & R. Waite of New
York, and Websters & Skinner of Albany. The entire
venture for the edition was probably not beyond $6,000.
J. & J. Harper printed manj^ works in this way, being
also interested as publishers in some of them.

Book-worms.—Worms which burrow in the covers
of books. This insect has occasioned much trouble to
the owners of libraries, as it is very difficult to discover
it and it has generally completed its ravages before it is
noticed. Zaelmsdorf, the London bookbinder, has been
able to get possession of several. Viewed under a mi¬
croscope the grub might be a miniature moth, while the
fully-grown beetle is a perfect reduction of the familiar
large black beetle. It feeds upon j)aper in captivity and
seems to grow and thrive upon it.

The method of getting rid of these pests is by making
the binding of such a material that it is repugnant or
deadly to them. Substances like aqua-fortis evaporate,
and the worms again make their appearance. The paste
is a great temptation to them, but if something is put
into it that is repulsive they will not attack the books.
A mineral salt, like alum or vitriol, has much effect.
Alum is not, however, a perfect preservative. Rosin is
employed in the same way, but oil of turpentine has a
greater effect. Anything of strong odor, like anise-seed
or bergamot, mixed perfectly, but in small quantities,
preserves the paste for an unlimited time. Make a
paste with flour, throw in a small quantity of ground
sugar and a portion of corrosive sublimate. The sugar
makes it pliant and prevents the formation of crust on
top. The sublimate destroys insects and fermentation.
This does not prevent moisture gathering, but two or
three drops of oil are sufficient for this purpose.
 

Boomer Press.—A standing press in which the
power is obtained by a combination of four levers work¬
ing upon toggle joints, through which pass a right and
left hand screw. ' The rotation of these screws causes the
two joints to approach or diverge, according to the di¬
rection of such rotation, with a perfectly uniform mo¬
tion. This press possesses several advantages over both
the ordinary screw and the hydraulic presses. The press¬
ure once applied cannot yield, so that the material is in
no way released, and can, therefore, receive a finish in
less time than when under hydraulic pressure. The
construction is simple and not liable to get out of order.
The power accumulates with every turn of the screw,
the movement of the platen being rapid at the begin¬
ning but gradually becoming slower as the power in¬
creases.

Booth, Jonas, an ingenious "printer, was born in
England in the latter part of the last century, and came
to New York about 1822. Aided by his recollections of
the presses he had seen in England, he built a machine
in 1823 upon which was printed an edition of Murray's
Grammar. This was the first machine press in New
York. A few years later he built at Worrall's another
press which was used upon the Courier and Enquirer for
some time. In 1826 or 1827 he began using composition
rollers, casting them himself. They had previously been
unknown on this side of the water. He also made his
own inks. His first printing was of books, the second
of lottery tickets and bills, and finally it was theatrical
work. In this he was the American pioneer. He had a
large family, and brought up his sons to his own occu¬
pation, dying about 1850.

Border.—The geometrical, arabesque or purely or¬
namental characters cast upon types and intended to be
used in combination with each other, usually around a
page. They were formerly knoAvn as flowers, and skill
in their management was regarded as excellent proof of
proficiency as a workman. They are not now in as much
favor as forty years ago, but are still extensively em¬
ployed in particular places in combination with brass
rule. Many more faces are now known from which to
select, and the styles are better. When a page has a
great deal of blank space in it, or when the lines are
short and ragged, a border frequently answers a very
valuable purpose. Formerly borders were used to con¬
struct head and tail pieces, to surround initial letters,
and to divide miscellaneous subjects, both in books and
newspapers. Smith's Printer's Grammar, pubhshed in
London in 1755, shows a number of designs made out of
type and brass rule for this purpose, as follows :

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Bordereau (Fr.).—The bill; the reckoning.
Border Lines.—The red fines used on the margins
of pages of books.    The favorite thickness is pearl.