PRINTING AND BOOKMAKING.
 

CAM
 

with marbled edges and marbled paper sides. It is fre¬
quently employed for full bindings, and admits of great
variety in the style of finish. It can be had in every
color, but is not so durable as morocco, and should not
be used on large or heavy books. For octavo sizes and
under it is a suitable and popular binding.

Calf-Liined.—Limp-bound books; the inside of the
limp cover is lined with calf-skin, taking the place of
the half of the end paper which otherwise is pasted to
the inside of the cover, thus allowing of the books being
easily rolled up.

Calico Printing is the process by which cotton
cloth, white or unbleached, is so marked or colored that
it exhibits various patterns or figures. If all were of
one uniform hue this might be obtained by a dye, but
checker-work, flowers, arabesques or geometrical lines,
or more elaborate figures, must be shown in different
colors. It was unknown in England until 1696, when a
small print-ground was formed upon the banks of the
Thames, near Richmond, by a Frenchman. There are
five different methods known for imparting the color.
Before any one is tried, however, the cloth must be
freed from fibrous down by singeing, and be rendered
smooth by the calender. Small wooden blocks are held
against the color and then laid upon the cloth, a smart
stroke with a mallet being given. This process is a very
slow one, as the block is very small and there are many
colors to each piece. The Perrotine does the same thing
mechanically, and twenty times as fast as an ordinary
man. It is a system of revolving blocks, each forming
the face of a prism. Copper-plate printing on calico is
the same method as is used in printing from paper. The
cylinder machine has the same principle as the modern
web machine in printing newspapers. Calicoes are af¬
fected before any of these processes are attempted by
peculiar chemical processes, chiefly by mordants. The
cloth is steeped in a solution which enables the roll of
cloth afterwards to take particular colors and not others.
These colors are also stopped out by paste or other sub¬
stances. The art is wholly unlike that of printing colors
in typography.

California.—^Printing began there at Monterey in
1846. After the gold fever commenced newspapers
were started everywhere throughout the State where
there were settlements, and separate book and job offices
were soon after begun. There has been a remarkable
development of the press in San Francisco, and Sacra¬
mento and other towns do a large business. When
prices were at their highest compositors in San Francis¬
co frequently made a hundred dollars a week in gold,
but wages have now sunk to the level of all the rest of
the country. By the last census the number of dailies
in this State was fifty-eight; weeklies, 250, and all other
periodicals fifty-three. A large number of books are
published there.

California Job Case.—A case made on the capital
side so that there are only five boxes, up and down, in¬
stead of seven, as commonly. The California two-third
case is two-thirds of the length of the ordinary lower
case, a rather greater proportion being given to the left-
hand or lower-case side than to the right-hand or cap¬
ital side.

Call-Book.—A book kept for unemployed printers,
in which their names can be entered, so that when a call
for workmen is received they may answer in rotation.
Such books are kept in the offices of the English socie¬
ties and the principal American unions, and in a modi¬
fied form by some of the Typothetses. In the latter no
rule is observed as to priority, except among workmen
of equal qualifications and characters.

Calligraphy.—The art of beautiful writing. In
the years which preceded printing this was a very valua¬
ble accomplishment, as a calligrapher not only wrote the
manuscript, but frequently painted the elaborate ini¬
 

tials. A good idea can be formed of the life and labors
of a calhgrapher by reading Charles Reade's Cloister
and the Hearth.

Cambric.—This material was formerly used instead
of parchment for covering tympans in fine presswork.

Cambridge Calf. — In sprinkled calf, where a
square panel of mill-board has been laid on the sides,
protecting it from the color. Part of the page is thus
sprinkled and part not.

Cambridge (England).—Printing was introduced
into Cambridge at an early date, but it is uncertain who
the persons were who carried it thither. John Siberch
settled at Cambridge in 1521, and styled himself the
first Greek printer in England. Erasmus was then in
that town, and, it may be presumed, superintended the
printing of his own works. The earliest University
printers were Nic. Sperring, Garratt Godfrey and Segar
Nicholson. The Pitt Press was opened April 30, 1834,
with great ceremony. It is a large building, forming
three sides of a square, with a magnificent Gothic front
and lofty tower. It contains a type-foundry and exten¬
sive apartments for every kind of printing operations.
The superintendence is in the hands of syndics. Most
of the printing done there is on learned^ and classical
works.

Cambridge (Mass.).—Printing was introduced into
the present United States at Cambridge, Mass., in the
year 1639. The settlement of the colony of Massa¬
chusetts began in 1628, at Salem, and in 1631 Newtown,
now called Cambridge, was founded. A college had
been begun there, and it was thought by the Rev. Joss
Glover, a wealthy Dissenting clergyman in England,
that a press should also be erected. He contributed
liberally towards a sum sufficient to purchase printing
materials, and for this purpose solicited and obtained,
in England and Holland, the aid of others. In 1638,
the means being at hand, he purchased the material,
and engaged a printer to accompany it in a ship bound
to New England. Mr. Glover, with his family, em¬
barked on the same vessel, but unfortunately died on
the voyage. He intended, it would seem, to carry on
both printing and bookselling, as he had provided a
quantity of paper and had a number of books for sale.
Mrs. Glover, with her family, arrived in the autumn of
that year, and settled at Cambridge, the next spring
marrying Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard
College. He assumed the management of the press,
and it was set up in his house. The first printer was
Stephen Daye. He was from London, and served his
apprenticeship there. He put the materials in order and
began work in the first month of 1639, O. S. (March).
The first work which issued from the press was the
Freeman's Oath, to which succeeded an almanac. Daye
continued to print until the close of the year 1648 or
the beginning of 1649, at which time the printing-house
was put under the management of Samuel Green. The
Bay Psalm Book was the most considerable work done
by Daye while in charge. It is a crown octavo of 300
pages, the type being Roman small-bodied English in
size. Samuel Green was apparently not a printer when
he began the work. He was a boy of sixteen when he
arrived with Governor Winthrop in 1630. The presi¬
dent of the college was still the manager of the press
while Green was there, as he had been when Daye was
the workman. Another press was sent over, with type,
by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among
the Indians, some time before 1655. A considerable
augmentation was received in that year, and the office
was then well equipped with small fonts of nonpareil,
brevier, long primer, small pica, pica, English, great
primer, and a little long primer and pica Hebrew,
Greek and blacks. The building occupied had origi¬
nally been designed for a college for the Indian youth.
Green then began printing the Indian Bible, a work of
so much consequence as for a time to attract the atten-

77