PRINTING AND BOOKMAKING.
 

FRE
 

pared with the roll of journeymen, and in some places
a technical school is kept up to give the boys a better
education and a better theoretical acquaintance with the
art. They receive very little compensation, the usual
time being three or four years. Proofs are read almost
entirely by collation, reading-boys being hardly ever em¬
ployed. As a rule the French workman is a sober man.
Trades unions exist in all of the principal towns.

In French typography it is considered that a more
liberal margin is allowable than is the custom in Eng¬
land or America. Books are consequently printed with
a smaller type-page than here. The title-page is gener¬
ally preceded by a bastard title on the recto of the pre¬
ceding leaf, and sometimes by a little advertisement or
notice in the centre of the verso of the first leaf. The
title employs larger type than in England or America,
generally in condensed letter, spaced ; but whether con¬
densed or not, it is larger in the principal lines of French
titles than in English titles.- The body marks are also
blacker than is customary here. The preface is usually
a size larger than the text, and double leaded, after which
 

divisions may be made with words such as en- | fantin,
pa- I villon. Two letters, like par- | mi, rele- | ve, con-
fon- I du, cannot be thrown over. Neither can a small
word, compounded with the word preceding, as prenez-
I le, goutez- I la, ceux- | ci, ceux- | la. Divisions cannot
take place between two vowels, as inqiii- | etude, lou- |
ange, propri- | etaire, situ- | ation, the- | atre, although
the two vowels are pronounced separately. When, how¬
ever, the vowels which thus come together form the end
of a word or prefix used separately and the beginning of
another word, also used separately, this rule is not oper¬
ative. Examples are extra- | ordinaire, anti- | orlean-
iste, archi- | episcopal. These are better divisions than
extraor- | dinaire, antior- | leaniste, archie- | piscopal.

The X, representing cs, and the y, representing two i's,
belong as much to the syllable which precedes as to that
which follows. Thus they can be annexed to either line,
as Alex- | andre or Ale- | xandre, fix- | er or fi- | xer,
prevoy- | ance or prevo- | yance, roy- | aliste or ro- | yal-
iste. The compound words, ending with an apostrophe
showing elision, can be divided in that place, but the
 


 


 


 


 

No. of Points
 


 


 

New Name.
 

old Name.
 

English Translation.
 

American

System.
 

American Equivalents.
 

3.
 

Trois......
 

Diamant.......
 

Diamond.......
 

3    .    .    .    .
 

Half Minionette.
 

4.
 

Quatre.....
 

Perle........
 

Pearl........
 

4M.    .    .    .

5%.
 

Diamond.
 

5.
 

Cinq......
 

Parisienne or Sedanoise   .
 

Parisian or Sedan     .   .   .
 

Agate.
 

6.
 

Six.......
 

Nonpareille......
 

Nonpareil......
 

6%.    .    .    .
 

Minionette (small).
 

7.
 

Sept......
 

Mignonne.......
 

Minion.....        .    .
 

73^.    .    .    .
 

Minion.
 

7^
 

Septetdemi  .   .   .
 

Petit-Texte......
 

Little Text......
 

8    .    .    .    .
 

Brevier.
 

8.
 

Huit......
 

Gaillarde.......
 

Wanton.......
 

m. . . .

9%.    .    .    .
 

Bourgeois.
 

9.
 

Neuf......
 

Petit-Romain.....
 

Little Roman.....
 

Long Primer,
Small Pica.
 

10.
 

Dix......
 

Philosophie......
 

Philosophy......
 

lOM.   .   .   .
11^.    .    .    .

1i33^.   .   .   .
 

11.
 

Onze......
 

Cicero   ........
 

Cicero........
 

Pica (small).
 

12.
13.
 

Douze )
Treize >
 

Saint-Augustin.....
 

St. Augustin......
 

Double Minionette.
English.
 

14.
15.
 

Quatorze)

Quinze     l .   .   .   •
 

Gros-Texte......
 

Great Text......
 

M5     .    .    .    .
•^16    .    .    .    .
 

Columbian.

Great Primer (small).
 

16.
 

Seize        )
 


 


 

Il7^.    .    .    .
 

Great Primer.
 

18.
 

Dix-huit.....
 

Gros-Eomain.....
 

Great Roman.....
 

19U,    .    .    .
21^.    .    .    .
 

Paragon.
 

20.
 

Vingt......
 

Petit-Parangon     ....
 

Little Paragon.....
 

Double Small Pica.
 

22.
 

Vingt-deux     .   .   .
 

Gros-Parangon     ....
 

Great Paragon.....
 

231^,    ..    .
 

Double Pica.
 

24.
 

Vingt-quatre .   .   .
 

Palestine.......
 

Palestine.......
 

25%,    .    .    .
 

Double English (small).
 

28.
 

Vingt-huit ....
 

Petit-Canon......
 

Little Canon.....
 

30    ,    .    .    .
 

Double Columbian.
 

36.
 

Trente-six  ....
 

Trismegiste......
 

Trismegistus.....
 

383^.    ..    .
 

Double Paragon.
 

44.
48.
 

Quarante-quatro (
Quarante-huit     f
 

Gros-Canon.....
 

Great Canon.....
 

J47    .    .    .    .

151%.    ..    .

59%.    .    .    .
 

Canon.

Five-line Long Primer.
 

56.
 

Cinquante-six     .   .
 

Double-Canon.....
 

Double Canon.....
 

Five-line Pica.
 

72.
 

Soixante-douze .   .
 

Double-Trismegiste .    .    .
 

Double Trismegistus    .   .
 

77    ...   .
 

Four-line Paragon.
 

88.
 

Quatre-vingt-huit   .
 

Triple-Canon.....
 

Triple Canon.....
 

94    ....
 

Eight-line Pica (small).
Eight-and-a-half line Pica.
 

96.
 

Quatre-vingt-seize .
 

Grosse-Nonpareille  .    .   .
 

Great Nonpareil   ....
 

102M,   .    .    .
 

100.
 

Cent......
 

Moyenne de Fonte   .    .   .
 

Limit of the Casting     .   .
 

107    ...    .
 

Nine-line Pica.
 

SIZES OF FRENCH TYPE, WITH THEIR AMERICAN EQUIVALENTS.
 

may come the table des matieres, but it is usually at the
end. The distinction between an index and table of con¬
tents does not seem to be very clearly noted, and a real
index is an uncommon thing in a French book. It is not
the rule to sink the beginnings of chapters or the sub¬
titles to the same extent as is followed in this country.
Newspapers have the upper part of one or two pages
divided from the lower part by a cross rule. Underneath
this is the feuilleton or novel, which forms a part of the
journal. No newspapers attain the immense proportions
of some in England and America, although circulations
are very large. It is said one journal prints 800,000 daily.
Divisions in French are made, as they are with us,
upon syllables. Three divisions in succession are forbid¬
den, A single letter does not make an allowable divi¬
sion, even when the article or another word is joined to
it, as in I'e- | legance, d'a- | vance, qu'a- | vant. A mute
syllable cannot be thrown over, as embl^- | me, savan- |
tes, mar- | bre, ils vin- | rent. It is preferable to divide
pu- 1 biiques, ils pa- | raissent, instead of publi- | ques,
ils parais- | sent. Two letters do not make a division,
except in a very narrow measure, and then only when
the letters are thick. Such divisions as il- | lettre, li- |
mace, fl- | ligrane are inadmissible.  When unavoidable
 

hyphen is indispensable, as in grand'- | m^re, grand'- |
chose, a grand'- | peine. When it is necessary to divide
between two words joined with a euphonic t this al¬
ways goes over to the next line, as in ira- | t-il, presente-
I t-on, affirme- | t-elle. Two words compounded so as
to make another word are preferably divided upon the
originals, as centre- | expertise, not contre-ex- | pertise;
feld- I marechal, not feld-ma- | rechal; morte- | saison,
not morte-sai- | son ; plus- | value, not plus-va- | liie. In
the middle of a word, where there is a mute syllable,
the division should be after the syllable rather than be¬
fore, as in courte- | pointe, evene- | ment, frole- | ment,
particuliere- | ment, instead of cour- | tcpointe, eve- |
nement, f rd- | lement, particuli^- | rement. When a com¬
pound word is abbreviated, or two or more words which
are hyphenized when at full length, hyphens are taken
in the abbreviation. Thus ch.-l. is used for chef-lieu,
c.-tl-d. for c'est-^-dire, I'eglise St.-Laurent for I'eglise
Saint-Laurent, J.-C. for Jesus-Christ. It wfll be noted
that proper names which make one appellation are com¬
pounded, as Tite-Live. Certain words when brought
together are hyphenized, as in the interrogative form
peut-on, n'est-elle, est-ce. Others which belong to dif¬
ferent parts of speech, and could not be compounded in

215