PRINTING AND BOOKMAKING.
 

GER
 

imagine because he sometimes sees these marks over the
top of a word and sometimes does not see them that the
one or the other is wrong. They may both be right, in
difCerent places. It is also permissible in jobs, inscrip¬
tions, capital lines and other places where there is plenty
of room to spell out these compound letters. Some
proper names, as Goethe, are always written in full, yet
in his lifetime his name was frequently printed as Gotlie.

A general practice is to use letters and figures of the
ordinary size, in Italic, for references to notes, accom¬
panied by one parenthesis, as a). Roman is also used in
tlie same way.

Folio headings of books printed in Fraktur are usually
in type hke the text; headings to sections, or subdivi¬
sions of headings, in iyi^Q slightly larger and blacker than
the text.

Quotations of words or sentences are indicated by two
sharp-pointed commas before the bottom of the letter
where the quotation begins, and the same upside down
where it ends, as „^Ku§fc5^ieJ3en." The same usage is ob¬
served in Roman characters, as ,,Die Knnst zii sterben."
Apostrophes are not used for this purpose.

The Gei-man marks of correction are much like those
in English. Bad and wrong letters are indicated by
writing the riglit letter in the margin. Paragrapiis are
shown by a bracket marked in. The dele or take-out
mark is the same as in English, but resembling the Ger¬
man form of d more than ours. A doublet is known as
a Hochzeit, or wedding. Tiie space mark in English
(fl) is employed in German to indicate a high space, a lead
being up, or a rectification of spacing. As there is no
Italic, and emphasis is indicated by thin spacing em¬
phatic words, a special mark is contrived for this, which
is a straight line with a number of inclined strokes cross¬
ing it. To show that durchschossene Worter, as these
are described, should be altered back, a wave line is used
in the margin. A word which cannot be decipliered, or
for which there nre no sorts, is shown, as in English, with
the feet at the top and the heads down. Crooked lines
have parallel straight lines drawn against them, above
and below. Run-in paragraphs arc marked by a line
drawn from the end of one paragraph to the beginning
of the next.

The sizes of German papers are as follows, for writing-
paper (Schreibpapier):
 

Size,
Names.          in Inches.
 

Names.
 

Size,
in Inches.
 

Schlangle    .... 12.2x15.3
Canzlei or Reichs-
format.....12.9x10.5
 

Canzlei untrimmed.
Pro patria .   .   .   .
Lowen.....
 

13.10x16.9
14.1  xl7.3
14.3 xl9.2
 

Those for account-books i
mer being glazed and the lu
 

md drawing-papei
Ltter not, are:
 

s, the for-
 

Size,
Names.          in Inches.
 

Names.
 

Size,
in Inches.
 

Klein Median .   .   . 15.6 ^ 20.0

Median.....16.5x21.5

Gross Median .   .   . 17.3x23.3
Klein Royal     .   .   . 19.2x34.8
No ten Royal (for mu -
sic)......19.9x26.3
 

Gross Royal     .   .
Super Royal    .   .
Imperial ....
Klein Adler.   .   .
Elephant....
 

. 20.7x27.1
. 23.5x28.2
. 22.8x29.8
. 24.4x35.5
. 20.3x36,3
 

There are no fixed sizes of printing-papers, the sheets
always being cut to order, each publisher choosing his
own size.

Capitals of Fraktur are not used together in titles and
headings, but these headings are put in lowercase capi¬
talized.

The use of heavier rules than is customary in America
is permitted in tabular matter, and instead of using
dashes or short brass rules across the page and long rules
going up and down without being broken, the brass rules
cross the page, and the up and down rules are broken.

German Printing in America.—The German
press in the United States is more powerful than in any
other country besides the three in which the language
is indigenous.   Printing was done in America in that
 

tongue shortly after the emigration from the Palatinate
of the Rhine during the reign of Queen Anne, in 1710.
Christopher Sauer printed a newspaper at Germantown
in 1739, and Joseph Crellius one in 1743. Many large
and important works were issued at Ephrata, in Penn¬
sylvania, before the Revolution. In 1810 there were
eight German newspapers in that State. Shortly after
this the number began to increase, and there were also
printers who did job-work in German, but had no news¬
paper. The earliest printer in New York who did much
in this way was Ludwig, who was born of American
parents, and learned the language after reaching matur¬
ity. The New-Yorker Staats-Zeitung was established
in 1834, and is now probably larger and more profitable
than any German newspaper published in the Old World.
In 1850 there were 133 German newspapers in the Union,
and in 1880 641 periodicals of all kinds. In 1890 there
were 797 published in the United States and Canada;
New York had 110, Ohio 104, Pennsylvania 90, Wiscon-
son 87, Illinois 74, and Missouri 45. Ninety-one were
daily. The largest book hitherto published in America
in the Gei-man language is an encyclopaedia, edited by
Dr. Alexander J. Scliem. It is the German Conversa¬
tions-Lexikon, with copious American additions origi¬
nally.

Germany.—The general opinion of all nations is that
Germany was the birthplace of printing. The claims of
only two places besides Mentz have ever been entertained
in this connection by any large number of persons. They
are Haarlem, in Holland, and Strasbourg, in one of the
provinces lately taken by Germany from France. It
seems incontestable, however, at this period of time, that
whatever may have been done at Haarlem the work led
to nothing. It was not printing from movable types, cast
in a mold, and it is doubtful whether any typographical
remains of a period antecedent to the beginning of an
office at Mentz are extant. As related elsewhere, Guten¬
berg began his attempts at printing in Strasbourg, re¬
moving to Mentz about the year 1444. From the time
when the forty-two line Bible was published it is appar¬
ent that work on it must have begun as early as 1450.
The quarrel between Gutenberg on one side and Fust
and Schoeffer on the other resulted in the establishment
of two printing-offices in Mentz, which continued until
the sacking of the town in 1462, when the art, hitherto
kept a secret, was spread everywhere, as the workmen
were compelled to earn their subsistence in new places.
Fust and Schoeffer began again at Mentz, and Guten¬
berg at Eltville, a village not far from that city. The
work there did not appear under his name, but the types
were his. The office passed into the hands of relatives
by marriage, Henry and Nicholas Bechtermlintz. After
them it was in the possession of the Brothers of the Life
in Common.

Printing seems to have next been done at Bamberg.
The date 1461 has been assigned for this, and the name
of the printer is given as Albert Pfister. Claims are also
made that work was done in Strasbourg in 1458, by Men-
tel and Eggestein. Ulric Zell began at Cologne in 1462,
Gunther Zainer at Augsburg in 1468, Henry Keffer at
Nuremberg in 1469, Helyas Helye at Mlinster in Argau
in 1470, Peter Drach in Spire in 1471, John Zainer in Ulm
in 1473, Lucas Brandis in Merseburg in 1473, Conrad Fy-
ner in Esshngen in 1473, Lucas Brandis in Lubeck in
1475, Conrad Blauberen in 1475, M. Q. and G. Reyser in
Eichstadt in 1478, Dold and Reyser in Wurzburg in 1479,
and Marcus Brand in Leipsic in 1481. Vienna did not
have a printing-office till 1482, and Munich till 1500. The
art spread with great rapidity. There were sixteen mas¬
ter printers in Strasbourg before 1500. Schoeffer's office
in Mentz did much work, but that city was soon sur¬
passed by both Strasbourg and Cologne. In the last-
named place twenty-two printing-offices existed before
1500. Ulric Zell, who dwelt there, was the first of the
early printers, after the triumvirate, who made a repu¬
tation.   Nuremberg had the chief printing-office of the

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