PRINTING AND BOOKMAKING.
 

GRE
 

chance of error is in treating a collective noun as singu¬
lar where it should be plural, or the contrary. It is good
English to say the '' army is " or the " army are," but it
is not good English to use one in one place and the other
in another place. Generally speaking, it is better to treat
collective nouns as singular, but this cannot always be
done. The inquiry in a doubtful sentence should be to
discover to which noun a verb refers, and make these
two words agree. Throw aside all of the remainder of
the sentence for the time being.

TCIic imperfect should be distinguished from the past
participle, and neuter verbs should be distinguished
from active verbs. Thus it is wrong to say that the
'' hen sets," which should be that she '' sits." Lay and lie
and a number of other words should be similarly distin¬
guished. Two or more singular nominatives require the
plural verb just as much as one plural nominative. A
disjunctive conjunction requires the singular verb, even
where there are two nominatives. Participles are used
as adjectives, as in a "walking gentleman," but no word
ending as a participle and apparently a participle can
thus be used unless there exists a verb from which the
participle has been regularly formed. The same rule
exists with the past tense used as an adjective, as, for
instance, " talented." There is no verb " to talent," and
consequently there can be no " talenting " or *' talented."
The mark of the infinitive must never be separated from
the verb itself. *' To justly consider," therefore, is
wrong; the words should be "justly to consider," or
" to consider justly." Adverbs cannot be used inter¬
changeably with adjectives, but there are some words
which are both, as '' w^ell." Prepositions always govern
the objective case, even though the objective is at the
beginning of a sentence, as '' Who was it by ? " should be
*' Whom was it by ? " or more easily, transposed, *' By
whom was it ? " Many prepositions have a special force
or use from long association with a particular word, and
it therefore becomes necessary to write them in such a
relation. The reason why '' reliable " is regarded as being
wrong is that rely is always follow^ed by upon or on;
therefore the compound should be " relionable " or " re-
liuponable." Prepositions as a rule should not be at the
end of sentences, nor should other small words ; yet it
is better to leave them there than to have the sentences
harsh and awkward. Grammar is an attempt to state
the correct usages of a language, but the grammar of
necessity must always be less full than the speech, as
some combinations occur so infrequently that no settled
customs exist, and in this case a good ear must decide.

Long or awkward sentences are best mended, where
authority exists for the change, by dividing them up into
several shorter sentences. It is better to repeat nouns,
pronouns and verbs than to run the risk of confusion by
leaving them out. While words should be employed in
their classical usage, there are occasions when the whole
value of an expression depends upon some one pungent
word for which authority cannot be given, as John Ran¬
dolph's "doughface," denoting somewhat nearly what
Halifax would have termed a trimmer. There must have
been a time when no word had an authority. Foreign
words should be avoided. Everything can be told in
English.                  N

There are several hundred grammars of the English
language. As simple and valuable as any are Bullions's
and Greene's. Brown's Grammar of English Grammar
is the largest in English, and has much valuable matter.
Cobbett's Grammar has a wonderful number of exam¬
ples of ungrammatical language. There are many books
which deal with false English. Latham's is a good his¬
torical grammar.

Gran Canon (Sp.).—Large canon ; a name given in
Spain to type of forty-two points.

Gran-Cassa (Ital.).—A case in which certain sorts
have run out, although others are abundant.

Grand Capitales (Fr.).^—Capitals.
 

Grand Papier (Pr.).—Large paper.

Granear (Sp.).—To rub or file the sides of type.

Grangerizing.—To grangerize is to take a book to
pieces, interlay the leaves on larger sheets of paper, and
to insert between them prints illustrating the text, also
on paper to match the other leaves. This is so called
after the Rev. James Granger, who about 1750 conceived
the idea of writing a History of England with the spe¬
cial view of its being extra-illustrated by the insertion
of prints, principally portraits. The fashion has contin¬
ued from that time down to the present. Very few of
the prints could be obtained apart from books, which
were ruthlessly despoiled that their illustrations might
be used elsewhere, and they of course were rendered
worthless from the point of view of the collector, who
desires only perfect copies. It is not an uncommon thing
to see a thin duodecimo extended to a thick quarto, and
one work published in this city, originally having only
one hundred and fifty pages, has been extended to seven
thousand. When this is done systematically the book is
read through, pen in hand, and every name and every
allusion noted that can possibly be illustrated. An effort
is then made to obtain prints that bear upon them. Book¬
stores and libraries are ransacked. Many can easily be
obtained, but for others there must be years of waiting.
John Bagford, an English shoemaker, projected a His¬
tory of the Art of Printing, which was to be grangerized
with the titles of rare books. He tore out all of the titles
that he could obtain in both public and private museums,
and accumulated no less than forty volumes of titles, rep¬
resenting the mutilation and destruction of thousands
upon thousands of bibliographical treasures. Theatrical
books are very often treated in this way.

Graphic Machine.—A single-cylinder machine, so
named because first used for the Graphic newspaper, in
England.

Grappe (Ital.).—A brace.

Grass-Hand.—A compositor temporarily engaged
in the place of another, a practice common in newspaper
offices. An English expression. In A*/;ierica he is known
as a " sub," or substitute, the other term not being used.

Grassing.—A compositor in England taking occa¬
sional jobs, or assisting on a newspaper; subbing.

Grattoir (Fr.).—An ink-shce.

GraYOur de Caracteres (Fr.).—Letter-cutter.

Graveurs (Fr.).—Engravers.

Gravure (Fr.).—Engraving, cutting ; gravures, en¬
gravings.

Grease.—A slang expression in England for the more
technical one of fat; that is, good work.

Great Britain.—The British Islands, comprising
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and the Channel Isl¬
ands. The printing trade is carried on in all parts, and
in England and Scotland to a very great extent. Nearly
all work is in English. The other tongues in whicli
work is done, according to the order of importance,
are Welsh, French and Gaelic. Erse and Manx require
very little. In 1892 there were published in the United
Kingdom 2,255 newspapers, of which there were in
England 1,763, 1,302 being in the provinces and 461
in London. Wales had 95 newspapers, Scotland 206,
Ireland 167 and the British isles 24. Of these there
were published daily in England 138, Wales 6, Scotland
20, Ireland 19, and two in the Channel Islands. In 1846
there were published in the United Kingdom 551 jour¬
nals, 14 being daily. Twelve of the latter were in London
and two in Dublin. There are at present 1,901 magazines
and reviews.

Great Numbers.—Long working numbers in print¬
ing were once thus called.

Great Primer.—A large size of printing-type, chiefly
used in bookwork in printing pulpit Bibles.  In j ob-work

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