PRINTING AND BOOKMAKING.
 

HAL
 

H
 


 

THE eighth letter in English. It is one of
the letters which are much used, and yet it
falls a little short of those most required.
On Roman coins and inscriptions and in
manuscripts H has a diversity of mean¬
ings, such as honestas, hie, homo, habet, hora, honos,
Hadrianus, &c. In the Latin of the Middle Ages H
meant 200, and with a dash over it 200,000. H forms
the standard for letter-cutters in designing capitals.
After the lower-case m is made, by which the bottom of
the non-descending letters is determined, the H, begin¬
ning at the same lower line, ascends until it reaches the
height for which this character is designed, and bottom
and top then form the gauges for all other capitals. The
shape is undoubtedly borrowed from the Greek Eta, or
long e.

Haarlem.—A city in Holland, in the province of
North Holland, famous as one of the three towns in
which the art of printing is said to have been discovered.
It is on the river Spaarne, three miles from the sea, ten
miles from Amsterdam and seventeen from Leyden. It
now has a population of about thirty thousand. In the
centre of the city is a bronze statue in honor of Koster,
whom the Dutch regard as the inventor of printing. At
present there are a number of printing-offices there, as
well as a famous type-foundry.

Haarstrich. (Ger.).—The fine line of a letter.

Hagar, William, a type-founder of New York,
who was born in Rutland, Vt., in 1798. He was first
apprenticed to a watchmaker, but in 1816 went to New
York, where he entered the employ of Elihu White. He
proved a skillful workman, and in 1833 became a part¬
ner. When the firm was reconstructed shortly after the
death of Mr. White he withdrew, but by himself and later
in partnership with others continued business until his
death in December, 1863. He was at one time the owner
of Bruce's type-casting machine, and introduced it into
many foreign countries. The business was subsequently
conducted by his sons as Hagar & Co. They were, how¬
ever, unfortunate, and their place was closed, the tools
and materials being purchased by the three other New
York type-foundries jointly. Lately the matrixes and
punches were broken up.

Hailing, Thomas, an English printer of the present
day, who was born at Gloucester, England, on October 8,
1830. He became an apprentice to his grandfather at
Cheltenham. In 1852 he took charge of the private
printing-office of William J. Linton, the famous wood-
engraver. This was closed in 1854. About 1857 he re¬
turned to Cheltenham, where he had inherited his grand¬
father's office, and the business soon quadrupled. He
was the first who began the publication of a specimen
exchange; in 1877 he issued a trade journal, called Hail-
ing's Circular, and in 1879 he published a volume of
Specimens of Printing. His was the first establishment
in England in which American type was used.

Hair Leads.—Very thin leads are thus called in
England.

Hair-Line.—Any kind of character in which the
thick and thin lines are alike destitute of much thick¬
ness.   The lines are finer than in skeletons.   This is also
 

said of the fine lines in letters.   They gradually increase
in thickness as the size of the character grows larger.

This is a Hair-Line Letter.

Hair Spaces.—Very thin spaces, sometimes six to
an em, but they are more generally seven or eight. On
large sizes of book type, ranging from pica to double
small pica, it would not be difficult to obtain them of ten
or twelve to the em. Beyond these sizes a lead makes a
good hair space. Occasionally a card or a sheet of hard
paper is cut to make hair spaces for small sizes of type
where they become necessary, as will sometimes happen
between letters, in order to set one off from another.
Headings are sometimes hair spaced, but it is most usual
to put five-em spaces in such places where separation is
needed at all. In some offices in New York the experi¬
ment has lately been tried of adding six-em spaces to the
ordinary thick space, where the line needs to be spaced
out, thus obviating the necessity of taking out the thick
space and inserting an en quadrat. It is said to work
Avell. Hair spaces should never be used in place of five-
em or other spaces, except in cases of the most extreme
necessity, which will not happen to a man on regular
bookwork half a dozen times in a year. They should be
reserved for corrections on the press and for job-work.
They are very liable to be lost or become short after be¬
ing used for a little time, so that an ofiice which permits
their use must expect to renew them very frequently.

Halbfette (Ger.).—A heavy-faced type somewhat
condensed. '' Fette " is full-face ; '' halbfette " would be
nearly full-faced condensed.

Halbgevierte (Ger.).—En quadrats.

Half Binding.—Half roan, half calf, half morocco,
half russia mean that the back and corners of a book,
are covered with the leather or material mentioned, the
sides being covered with cloth or marbled paper ; where¬
as quarter binding means leather back only and not cor¬
ners.— Caspar.

Half Case.—A case one-half of the usual length.

Half Chase.—One of two chases which are worked
together, being thin where they meet, and frequently
having projecting points in the one to fit into hollows
in the other, so that they must register exactly with each
other.

Half Frame.—In England, u ''igle stand, or stand
to accommodate one compositor onl^.

Half Large Cards.—A size of card in England,
3 by 23^ inches.

Half-Plate Paper.—Machine-made paper of fine
and soft texture used for wood-cuts.—Jacohi.

Half Press.—When only one person works at the
press. He consequently must beat or roll as well as
pull.    Obsolete.

Half Sheet.—Bookwork in America is now gener¬
ally printed in half-sheet fashion. When thus printed
there are two copies on one sheet, as the sheet works and
turns. If, for instance, there are sixteen pages on a sheet
of a book the common method is to impose it so that all
of the pages shall be in a single form.   Then, when the

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