PRINTING AND BOOKMAKING.
 

SAN
 

s
 

THE nineteenth letter of the alphabet. The
lower-case letter is among the most frequent¬
ly used consonants, and the capital is used as
much as any other. As a number in Latin
it signifles seven. It is the common abbrevi¬
ation for socletas and socius (fellow). It is also used in
some Catholic and Episcopalian books for St., as S. Mark.
S. S, stands for sanctissimus; S. D. for salutem dixit;
S. P. D. for salutem plurimam dixit; S. P. Q. R. for
Senatus Populusque Romanus.

Two forms of the lower-case letter are known. One
is composed of two curves which bend in opposite direc¬
tions, the lower one being considerably larger than the
other. The other form resembles an f, except that the
bar near the top does not go completely across. It is
no longer used except in reproductions of antique work.
In this the rule is that it is used at the beginning of syl¬
lables, but not at the ending. When two s's come to¬
gether the ascending s is employed for the first, the other
being the small s.

Saint Louis.—This city, the chief one on the Missis¬
sippi River, was also the first place west of that stream
in which the art of printing was practiced. Settlement
began there in 1764, and in 1808 the first newspaper was
established, Missouri not yet being an organized terri¬
tory. It was entitled the Missouri Gazette, but in 1822
was changed to the Missouri Republican. This journal
is still issued. A rival was printed in 1816, entitled the
Emigrant. From time to time new journals were found¬
ed, and after 1840 independent job offices. There are
now in that city 12 daily newspapers and 139 other peri¬
odicals. There are a great number of job offices and
lithographic establishments, many bookbinderies and
two type-foundries.

Salem.—This was the third place in the colony of
Massachusetts where printing was carried on. It was
begun there in 1768 by Samuel Hall. Ezekiel Russell,
John Rogers and Mary Crouch were other early printers.
At present two daily papers and nine other periodicals
are printed in Salem.

Samaritan.—A type bearing a close resemblance to
Hebrew. The Roman Propaganda had a font of it in
1636. It was also used in printing a Pentateuch in poly¬
glot at Paris in 1645.

San Agustino (Sp.).—Name given in Spain to Cicero
or twelve-point, probably on account of that type having
first been used in an edition of St. Augustine's works.

San Francisco.—Printing was introduced into this,
the chief city of the Pacific slope, in the year 1847. On
January 7 of that year Samuel Brannan began the Cali-
fornian Star, with Dr. E. P. Jones as editor. It was a
weekly journal of four pages, 16 by 12 inches, four col¬
umns to the page. On May 22 of the same year the
Californian also appeared, of the same dimensions as
the Star. The type used on the Californian was origi¬
nally brought from the city of Mexico, and contained
no w's, and the compositors were in consequence com¬
pelled to use two v's together where a w was necessary.
Both newspapers were suspended temporarily soon after
gold was found, the entire force going to the fields.
About the beginning of 1850 the Alta California, which
 

had absorbed the Star and Californian, appeared as a
daily paper. Many other journals were begun in the
decade between 1850 and 1860, but quickly passed away.
One reason was the great cost of publishing. Composi¬
tors' wages were for a long time a dollar a thousand ems,
and for a brief period were as high as two dollars and a
half for the same amount. Single copies of newspapers
retailed at twenty-five cents. Among the journals which
were for a time successful, but which were compelled to
cease publication during this period was the Herald. In
1856 it was the strongest of all the daily papers in San
Francisco. When James King of William was murdered
by the rowdies of that city, the Herald ridiculed the
efforts of the Vigilantes, who had determined to put a
stop to disorderly proceedings by force. The leading
business men of the city, almost in a procession, marched
to the office of the paper and discontinued their adver¬
tisements and subscriptions. The Herald was forced to
reduce its size and finally to close up. This was the first
effectual boycott on an American newspaper. The press
of San Francisco has been distinguished for its polyglot
character. Daily papers were published there twenty
years ago in French, German, Italian and Spanish, and
weekly journals in a score of other languages. In 1890
there were published in this city 16 daily and 93 other
periodicals. In job printing its work has been meritori¬
ous and of late has been large. There are several book
publishers and many bookstores, but owing to the high
price of labor and of commodities this city did not early
take the rank to which its size and position entitled it.
There are several lithographers, a number of bookbind¬
eries and a few printers' supply men in San Francisco,
their stocks being obtained from the Atlantic slope,
excepting that in type it has long had an agency for a
Scotch foundry. It has no competitor in printing upon
the Pacific coast.

Sanborn, George Henry, manufacturer of book¬
binders' machinery, was born at Concord, N. H., on
July 30,1830. His
father, Oliver L.
Sanborn, was a
well - known pub¬
lisher in Boston and
Portland, in the lat¬
ter city having been
the publisher of the
Portland Argus,
and in the former
one having been in
the publication of
books. George H.
Sanborn began
learning both the
bookbinding and
printing trades
when a boy with his
father at Portland,
and became an ac¬
complished work¬
man. While employed as a journeyman bookbinder he
invented his roller backing-machine, or as it is more
familiarly known, the edition-backer.   This was rapidly

499
 

GEORGE  HENRY SANBORN,