PRINTING AND BOOKMAKING.
 

YEG
 

Unsized Paper.—Paper made entirely without size,
and consequently very absorbent and adapted for plate-
printing.

Upper Case.—The upper of the two trays in which
the type is contained with which the compositor works.
It contains the small capitals, the capitals and the refer¬
ence-marks.

Upper-Case Sorts.—Those letters which are con¬
tained in the upper one of the pair of cases.

Upper Hand.—When the spindle goes soft and easy
the pressmen say it goes well upper hand or above hand ;
but the contrary if it goes hard and heavy.

Upright.—-A page or job set or cut to an upright
size—the reverse of oblong.

Utah.—A Territory of the United States which has
long been settled.   Printing began in Salt Lake Citj^ in
 

1850. It is now carried on in twenty-six towns, and the
number of newspapers is 71, 9 being daily and 35 weekly.
In 1860 there were 2 newspapers, in 1870 10, and in 1880
22. Salt Lake City is the principal town and Ogden the
next largest.

Utica.—This city, in the State of New York, has
practiced printing since 1798, when a newspaper, pre¬
viously published in Whitestown, was removed there and
became the Whitestown Gazette and Cato's Patrol. The
continuation of it is still published as the Utica Herald.
Among the noted printers who have carried on business
in Utica have been William Williams, De Witt C. Grove
and Robert Roberts. Much Welsh printing is executed
there, many Welshmen settling in that neighborhood at
an early date, and it has also been a considerable music-
printing centre. There are now issued there three daily
and seventeen other periodicals.
 

V
 

THE twenty-second letter of the alphabet.
It is about the thickness of an en quad¬
rat in the larger sizes of type, but in the
smaller sizes it is thicker. The capital Y
has a close resemblance to the lower-case v.
The Romans had two different characters for the small
letters u and v, but the capital Y was common to both.
When printing was introduced these distinctions, which
had not been closely observed by the scribes and copyists
of the Middle Ages, were confounded, and capital U's
and capital Y's, with their respective small letters, were
interchangeable. Y, as a numeral, signifies five; with
a dash over it, 5,000. Y. R. with the Romans stood for
uti rogas; Y. D. D. for voto dedicatur; Y. G., verbi
gratia; Y. L., videlicet. In modern law Latin v. or vs.
stands for versus, against; and in references v. stands
for vide, see. In music Y is used for the abbreviation
of the word violin, and when written double implies
both first and second violins. Y. S. are the initials for
the Latin verte subito, or the Italian volti subito (turn
over quickly).

Yacat (Ger.).—The page of a book on which there is
no printing.

Valentine.—A poetical or prose effusion sent on
February 14, or St. Yalentine's Day, by one lover to an¬
other. This was the original idea; but for very many
years valentines have been sent by either sex to any per¬
son whatever. They are nearly always illustrated, the
cheapest having the poorest engravings now known, but
many of them being works of art. The custom of send¬
ing these missives is dying out in the United States.

Yallee's Elastic Roller Gum.—A composition
much used twenty-five years ago for making rollers. It
could be employed sooner than glue and molasses, and
it had such tenacity it was impossible to tear it.

Yallette, Eugene, president of the International
Typographical Union in 1864, and a man of very high
character, was born in Philadelphia in 1817. He was for
a long time employed in Pagan's establishment as proof¬
reader, and filled many other stations of responsibilit;^.
He prepared an Historical Sketch of the Philadelphia
Typographical Society, of which he had been president,
which was published in the Printers' Circular in 1867 and
1868. He represented Typographical Union No. 2 twice
in the National Union, and as president of the Interna¬
 

tional Union succeeded John M. Farquhar and preceded
Addis M. Carver. Mr. Yallette died in Philadelphia on
May 26,1887.

Yantage.—When a white page or more happens in
a sheet the compositor calls that vantage; so does the
pressman when a form of one pull comes to the press.—
Stower.   Obsolete.

Yantaggio (Ital.).—A galley.

Yarnish.—A resinous liquid employed very largely
in making printing-inks. For the better qualities linseed-
oil is used, and for the cheaper rosin-oils. The coloring
matter which shows in printing-inks is a solid which has
been reduced by grinding to the finest and most impalpa¬
ble particles. When this comminution is completed the
pigment is mixed with varnish in greater or less propor¬
tions. This holds it, enables it to be still more finely
divided, secures its retention upon the rollers and the
type, and causes its adhesion to paper. After thus be¬
ing applied the varnish oxidizes and dries, leaving the
pigment and whatever color comes from the oxidization
of the fluid firmly affixed to the page. In its liquid state
varnish penetrates more or less into the paper and holds
by its fibres, the tenacity continuing after being dried.
Yarnish is also used separately in printing-offices as a
medium for diluting ink. If a certain ink is mixed with
six or eight times as much varnish it will print as well
as before, but shows very little color in the impression.
It forms what is known as a tint. Against and upon
this the full color may also be printed, thus giving the
agreeable contrast of two shades.

Yaseline.—This material, derived from petroleum,
has been successfully used in bindings to increase their
suppleness.    The leather seems to absorb it.

Yeau (Fr.).—Calf; veau racine aux nerfs, tree-mar¬
bled calf, with bands.

Vegetable Parchment.—Paper chemically pre¬
pared to imitate parchment. It is formed by immersing
ordinary unsized paper for a few seconds in sulphuric
acid diluted with one-half to a quarter of its bulk of
water, the solution being allowed to cool until it is of the
temperature of the air, then washing it in cold water and
removing any remaining traces of the acid by dipping it
in a weak solution of ammonia. It resembles parchment
in appearance, and is tough, translucent and almost im¬
permeable to water.

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