[GANONG]       PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK              193

place. I suppose the different forms have different shades of meaning,
but I have not been able to distinguish them. The locative may be added
to single comtnon nouns making them true proper place-names, as Mun-
aan, an island, but Mun-aan-ook' the (particular) island (as Grand
Manan) ; and it may be added also to longer combinations as Mag-ee-
caat-a-wik. When at the place, one may use the name without the locative,
as Nay-goot or Nay-goot-cook (Tobique). Another important termina¬
tion is sis (Maliseet, in Micmac, chich), which is the diminutive, express¬
ing 'kittle," as Nashwaaksis, little Nashwaak.

Of terminations with a distinct substantival meaning there are sev¬
eral. Thus tuk or took signifies a river as in Wool-ahs-took, Well-a-mook-
took (Maliseet). Akadik (Micmac, in Maliseet, a-quah-dik), means place
of occurrence or as a Maliseet once told me " where you get 'em ;" thus
Segubun-a-kad-ik, (in N. S.), place of ground-nuts ; Pes-kut-um-a-quah-dik
(Passamaquoddy) place for pollock. In Maliseet, ah-gum signifies a lake,
as Mag-ee-caat-aw-ah-gum, Magaguadavic Lake ; and ah-gum-is means a
pond, as Poc-wah-gu7n-is, Mud Pond. Way-ik means point, as Nictau-
way-ik, Nictau Point. Me7i-eek is an island, as Kchee-me7i-eek, big island.
Ee-ok means a mouth or entrance as Pok-ee'-ok, narrow entrance. Quek
seems to mean a branch, as Mag-te-quek, big branch.

All of these suffixes are inseparable ; there are of course independent
words for lake, river, point, etc., but these appear rarely if ever to be
used in combination, at least in aboriginal words. Hence names now
used by Indians in which quispem, lake, see-boo river, are combined with
an adjectival part, as in Kchee-quis-pem, Grand Lake, are probably not
aboriginal.

True prefixes appear not to be used unless the slight m and p sounds
so often occurring there are such.

In the interior of words, syllables are often added to express the
idea of distance or removal from, and this could, I suppose, be called a
distant!ve ; thus Wool-ahs'-took is used when the speaker is beside or on
it, but Wool-ahs-ta-gook' when speaking of it at a distance, and similarly
Quum-quaa'-took and Quum-quaa'-ta-gook (Green Eiver), etc. Of a some¬
what different sort is the extra syllable ah-wee signifying the possessive ;
Mik-urn-ah-wee-wel-a-m.ook-took, Micmac his Oromocto (Cain's Eiver)
Caat-ah-wee-see-bookj Eel his river (Eel Eiver), etc.

Some of our Indian names, of course the shorter, consist of a single
topographical substantive with a locative, Mun-aan-ook (Grand Manan),
Wee-josk, the mountain (Curry's mountain), Squa-so'-dek, a landing place.
Such are exactly equivalent to our " the Island," " the Mountain" used
as proper names, but they are not at all common. A full list of Maliseet
and Micmac topographical terms is a desideratum. Usually Indian names
contain (1) an adjective part; (2) a substantive part, which may be one
of the terminations   mentioned  above,  and   (3)   a   locative.    Of   (1)