INTRODUCTION,
 

11HE area which this Essay upon the
- ViassiTUDBS OF Aryan Civilization in India,
covers is really vast. Before the Aryas invaded
India, the country was inhabited by races philologi-
cally and religiously allied with one another to a
considerable extent. Their history comprising im¬
portant epochs—their subjugation by the Aryas,
changes of their language, religion, social polity, and
customs, their re-actionary movements, their incor¬
poration in the Aryan society, their revival under the
Buddhistic preachers, their suppression during the
Brahmawical revival, and their Br&hmamization—is
in one sense co-extensive with the history of the
Aryas, a history comprising also important epochs—
their establishment in India after a long and
continued struggle for centuries, the development
of their activities by the struggle, their prosperity
and the consolidation of their power, their inter¬
necine dissensions, their expeditions into the
different parts of India, their expansion and
their attempts at the Aryanization of the
enterprising aboriginal races, the culmination
of their energy and powers of expansion and
development. Buddhism was a revolution caused
by the energy of the aboriginal races ; for it was a
movement of nations in adversity against a race in
prosperity. The conquering race is always anxi¬
ous to institute and seek to maintain prestige based
on race distinctions.    The development of caste is