NOUNS   AND   NOUN  PHRASES                           33

Diviciacus, who was in Caesar's camp, spoke in the leader's
behalf.

I. An elementary knowledge of the simple pronouns on the part
of the student will henceforth be assumed. 2. Say 'put to flight.'
3. aut. 4. cum is enclitic with personal and relative pronouns; that
is, it is appended to them.    5.   Say ' replied nothing.'
 

LESSON  VI

NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES AS MODIFIERS OF VERBS

33.   In English, verbs are frequently modified by preposi¬
tional phrases expressing agency, accompaniment, cause, manner,
means, instrument, and the circumstances attending an action.
Ah these ideas are closely related and shade into one another
naturally. Thus agent and instrument are distinguished only
by the fact that the agent possesses life and the will to act; the
means and the instrument are distinguished by the fact that the
instrument possesses tangibility. All of them may be used to
answer the question, How? He was killed by his enemy (agent) ;
he was killed by a sword (instrument); he was killed by grief
(means or cause); he died with great suffering (manner, accom¬
paniment, or attendant circumstance). Again, all these sen¬
tences form an answer to the question, " How did he die? "

34.   In Latin all these kindred ideas are expressed by one
case, the ablative, with or without a preposition, as follows:

a. The person by whom an act is performed (that is, the
agent with the passive voice) is expressed by the ablative with
a (ab).

The Haedui have been reduced to slavery by Caesar, Haedui a Caesar e
in servitutem redact! sunt.

I. Agency with the active voice is expressed by per with the
accusative.

Mitchell's narr. latin — 3