14                                           THE  TECHNOGRAPH.

The last blow of the steam hammer moved this pile 0.6 inch,
while the same fall of a drop hammer having almost the some weight
gave a penetration of only 0.4 inch. However the last penetration
was after the pile had stood over night. The penetration of 1.7
inches for a fall of 20 feet shows pile No. 3 (driven with a steam
hammer) to be better driven than No. 1 (driven with a drop ham¬
mer), which sunk 1.9 inches under a fall of 20 feet.

After standing over winter it became necessary to remove these
test piles. In attempting to lift them a If inch chain was twice
broken. Finally a vertical lifting strain of 40 tons was put upon
each of the piles for a considerable time, with a sort of dancing
motion, without "fazing" any one of them. While trying to pull
pile No. 1, a water-jet pipe was pushed down 35 feet alongside of the
pile, but did not seem to effect it in the least. Each was then driven
about 4 feet further, when they struck hard pan and could not be
driven further with a 4 200 drop hammer.

The foundation was completed by sawing off the piles and con¬
structing a layer of concrete 2 feet thick over their heads. The
foundations of the walls are separated from the engine foundations,
by a clear space of 12 inches, so that any settlement of one will
not affect the other.
 

BRICKMAKING ON SOUTH AMERICAN RAILWAYS.
 

p. Mogensen, '94, Civil Engineering Course.
 

When railroads are constructed in territories where the bullock
cart and the mule wagon have (as far as transportation is con¬
cerned) held undisputed sway for centuries, and when substantial in¬
ducements are offered the constructors either in the form of a gov¬
ernment guarantee of from five to seven per cent, interest on the cap¬
ital invested, or the certainty that a lucrative passenger and freight
traffic is awaiting the completion of the work, and perhaps the possi¬
bility of competition has been removed by statutory enactments, it
will generally be found neither profitable nor convenient to erect
temporary structures such as trestles where waterways have to be
bridged and wooden sheds where station houses are required.

Such are, or at least have been, in a large measure the conditions