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222.
René Descartes (1596-1650).
Renati Des-Cartes Musicae compendium. Utrecht: Gesberti a Zÿll, & Theodori ab Ackersdÿck, 1650. Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library
The Compendium is both a treatise on music and a study in
methodology. In it Descartes shows himself to be a link between the musical
humanists of the 16th century-he was influenced particularly by Zarlino, whom he
cited-and the scientists of the 17th. The work is noteworthy as an early
experiment in the application of an empirical, deductive, scientific approach to
the study of sensory perception and as being among the earliest attempts to
define the dual relationship between the physical and psychological phenomena in music.
Descartes divided music into three basic component parts, each of which can
be isolated for study: the mathematical-physical aspect of sound, the nature of
sensory perception and the ultimate effect of such perception on the individual
listener. He considered the first of these to lend itself to pure scientific
investigation, since it is independent of personal interpretation. He
characterized the process of sensory perception as being autonomous,
self-regulating and measurable. This is the realm where practical aspects of
music are dealt with (e.g. rules for counterpoint) and to which the great bulk
of the Compendium is devoted. To Descartes the impact of sound on a
listener's emotions or ‘soul’ is a subjective, irrational element and therefore
incapable of being scientifically measured. He described it as a
psychological-physiological phenomenon that clearly belongs to the areas of
aesthetics and metaphysics, of which he was to develop the principles later in
his philosophical writings. The distinction he made in the Compendium,
between sound as a physical phenomenon and sound as understood by the human
conscience, permitted him to pass from a rationalist concept of aesthetics to a
sensualist one in his later work. This concept was influential in the
development of a philosophy for the affections in music in late 17th-century
Germany, especially through his treatise Les Passions de l'âme
(Amsterdam, 1649).
Purchase, 1901
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223.
Henry Purcell (1659-1695).
Orpheus Britannicus. A collection of all the choicest songs...The Second
Book, which renders the First Compleat. London: William Pearson for Henry Playford, 1702. Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library
Henry Purcell was one of the greatest English composers, flourishing in the
period that followed the Restoration of the monarchy after the Puritan
Commonwealth period. Purcell spent much of his short life in the service of the
Chapel Royal as a composer, organist and singer. With considerable gifts as a
composer, he wrote extensively for the stage, particularly in a hybrid
musico-dramatic form of the time, for the church and for popular entertainment,
a master of English word-setting and of contemporary compositional techniques
for instruments and voices. He died in 1695, a year after composing funeral
music for Queen Mary.
Purcell wrote only one full opera, Dido and Aeneas, with a libretto
by Nahum Tate. He provided a number of verse anthems and full anthems for the
liturgy of the Church of England, as well as settings of the Morning and Evening
Service, the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis, Te Deum and Jubilate. Purcell's
secular vocal music includes a number of Odes for the feast of St. Cecilia,
patron saint of music and a number of Welcome Songs and other celebrations of
royal occasions. He wrote a considerable quantity of solo songs, in addition to
the songs included in his work for the theater.
Gift of Mrs. Elaine Schenker, 1960
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224.
The Beggar's Opera. Playing Cards. England, ca. 1730. RBML, Albert Field Collection of Playing Cards
The Field Collection, one of the most comprehensive collections of playing
cards in the world, consists of close to 6,000 packs. Included in the collection
are tarot packs; miniature packs; packs depicting generals, presidents, and
sports figures; and transformation packs, where suit signs change into human
heads, butterflies, bees, birds, or fish. The collection also contains
depictions of historic events, representing changes in social customs, political
context, and design. A sequence of packs from early 20th-century Russia, for
example, shows increasingly vicious images of the imperial court. The deck of
cards shown here contains the words and music for the songs in John Gay's The
Beggar's Opera, first performed in London on January 29, 1728.
Albert Field, who performed as a magician during his early years,
incorporated card tricks into his magic acts, and collected cards from the
countries he toured. Field received a B.A. in English Literature from Columbia
University, and an M.A. from Harvard, and then taught English and science in New
York City high schools. Field met Salvador Dali in the early 1940s, and was
chosen by the artist to be his official archivist in 1955. Field proceeded to
catalogue thousands of Dali works and fakes, eventually becoming the foremost
authority in the field.
Bequest of Albert Field, 2003
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225.
Leonard Euler (1707-1783).
Tentamen novae theoriae musicae. St. Petersburg: Typographia Academiae Scientiarum, 1739. Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library
Swiss mathematician and scientist Leonard Euler's residency in Russia
coincided with the grand cultural vision of Catherine the Great and her
determination to Europeanize Russia. Under Catherine's patronage science, the
arts and trade flourished. Catherine is credited with luring Euler back to St.
Petersburg during the Enlightenment. He was one of the first mathematicians to
apply calculus to physics, and is considered to be one of the most prolific
mathematicians of all time. He was the perfector of integral calculus, the
inventor of calculus using sines, and is particularly renowned for his study of
motion.
Euler presented a developed theory of consonance, based upon an explicit,
mathematical rule for determining the ‘simplicity' of a set of frequencies such
as those making up a chord. He derived his rule from ideas of the ancients,
Ptolemy in particular. It could not take account of difference tones and
summation tones, for they had not yet been reported, but it permitted Euler to
determine by routine calculations the most complete systems of scales or modes
ever published. The last chapter of this work sketches a theory of modulation.
Euler thus began to construct a mathematical theory of the consonance of a
progression of chords.
From Dr. Anderson's Collection, Given by the Alumni
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226.
Vesperal. Manuscript on paper. Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1766. Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library
Three slim volumes, of an original four, contain the musical compositions
for the Divine Office at vespers; the music was so well known that only its
opening bars were recorded, since the short cue would be sufficient to the
singers. It is possible that this vesperal was produced for use in a church of
the Theatine order: their founder, St. Cajetan, is honored here with
arrangements for his feast (7 August). The only other unusual saint so fêted is
St. Leopold (15 November), who was Markgrave of Austria in the 15th
century. Austrian ownership is proven by the elaborate achievement of arms on
folio 2 in each of the three volumes: the double-headed displayed eagle, wearing
the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, grasping the two swords and orb in
his claws, carries emblazoned on his chest the twenty-two coats of arms of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. On the same leaf is the signature of one Johann
Hermann, qualifying himself as "Music." (for "musicista"?), and the date, 1766.
It would have been a worthy accomplishment to have copied out by hand all of
these texts and music, and to have done so with such consistent elegance.
Gift of John and Johanna Bass, 1962
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227.
Whittier Perkins' Yankee Doodle: A Collection of Dancing Tunes, Marches
& Song Tunes, ca. 1778-1788. Manuscript, 36 leaves. RBML
Known as the "Whittier Perkins" manuscript because of the ownership
inscription, this volume, in a contemporary leather binding, contains more than
two hundred tunes from the American Revolutionary War era, scored for melodic
instrument. Many of the melodies are of English origin, but the spirit of the
times is reflected in the titles given to the tunes, such as "The Free Born
Americans" and "Washinton's [sic] Health." The most famous piece in the
collection is "Yankey doodle," which appears here in its earliest known American
form. In addition, the manuscript contains such well-known songs as "The 12 days
of Christmas" and "Greensleeves."
Gift of Robert Gorham Davis, 1965
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228.
Joseph Mazzinghi (1765-1844).
Chains of the Heart, or the Slave by Choice. A Comic Opera. London: Goulding Phipps & D'Almaine, 1801. Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library
An English composer of Corsican origin, Mazzinghi was the eldest son of
Tommaso Mazzinghi, a London wine merchant and violinist. Apparently at the
instigation of both his father and aunt, Mazzinghi commenced lessons with J. C.
Bach. He was appointed organist at the Portuguese Chapel in 1775 when only ten
years old. He later studied with Sacchini, Anfossi and possibly Bertolini. In
1779 Mazzinghi was apprenticed as copyist and musical assistant to Leopoldo De
Michele, chief music copyist at the King's Theatre. Five years later he advanced
to the position of harpsichordist and was then engaged as house composer to the
King's Theatre (1786-1789). In this position he provided ballet music, directed
operas and was responsible for arranging pasticcios. Mazzinghi was a prolific
composer for the ballet, having written some two dozen works for the King's
Theatre and Pantheon.
Mazzinghi was required to arrange existing music for the ballet as well as
compose new works. Among Mazzinghi's more successful ballets were those he
composed for Noverre during the period 1787-1789. Paul et Virginie was
among the more popular ballets after Noverre's departure for France in 1789.
Mazzinghi joined the Royal Society of Musicians on 3 June 1787. He may have had
a financial interest in the music publishing firm of Goulding, who published
most of his music from about 1792. Mazzinghi died on a visit to his son at
Downside College, and was buried in the vault of Chelsea Catholic Chapel on 25
January 1844.
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229.
Joseph Haydn (1732-1809).
[Gebote Gottes den Herm] Die X Gebothe Gottes, in Musik gesetzt als Canons
von Joseph Hayden (Eigenthum der herausgeber) [The Ten Commandments]. Vienna: Artaria & Comp. [1810?] Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library
Joseph Haydn was born in 1832 the son of a wheelwright. Throughout his
career he composed for his patron, Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy. During this
period, Haydn was the director of an ensemble of about twenty musicians, with
responsibility for the music and the instruments. Even if his music was not as
emotionally intense and radical as that of Beethoven (who was his pupil at one
point), or as profound and probing as Mozart's (who was his good friend),
Haydn's music shows a very solid structure that was an important part of the
Classical Era.
In Haydn's sacred vocal music the aesthetics of through-composition is a
matter not only of cyclic integration, but of doctrine and devotion. Many of
these works are organized around the conceptual image of salvation, at once
personal and communal, achieved at or near the end: a musical realization of the
desire for a state of grace. At the time of his death, Haydn was mourned as one
of the musical giants of his time. His long career enabled him to produce a vast
quantity of works that defined the Viennese Classical style.
Gift of John and Johanna Bass, 1962
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230.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827).
Wellingtons-Sieg, oder: Die Schlacht bey Vittoria. In Musik gesetzt ...
91tes Werk. Vienna: S. A. Steiner & Comp., 1816. Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library, Deposit to RBML, Anton Seidl Papers
This first printing of Beethoven's Wellington's Victory, Opus 91,
the "Battle Symphony," was owned by conductor Anton Seidl. Seidl came to
prominence as Wagner's principal assistant at the first Beyreuth festival in
1876, and he became a member of the Wagner household. After conducting in
Europe, Seidl was invited to conduct German opera at the Metropolitan Opera
House. He made his debut on November 23, 1885, conducting Lohengrin. When
German opera at the Met was dropped in 1891, he became the conductor of the
Philharmonic Society of New York, returning to the Met in 1897. During this time
he became a naturalized American citizen, dying suddenly of ptomaine poisoning
at the height of his career in 1898.
Gift of the Friends of Anton Seidl, 1905
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231.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827).
Notes on Mozart's Requiem and sketch for Missa Solemnis. Autograph manuscript, n.d. RBML
This working sheet contains Beethoven's analysis of the Kyrie fugue from
Mozart's Requiem on one side and a sketch for his Missa Solemnis
on the other. Beethoven invented special symbols for Mozart's use of double
counterpoint and compound 4/4 meter, and made frequent use of this meter in his
late fugues, especially the Gloria fugue in the Missa Solemnis.
Gift of Roberta M. Welch, 1953
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232.
Anton Bruckner (1824-1896).
Symphony IV, (Romantic). Manuscript, with title page and many corrections in the composer's hand,
121 leaves, [1878] Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library, Deposit to RBML
One of the most innovative figures of the second half of the 19th century,
Bruckner is remembered primarily for his symphonies and sacred compositions. His
music is rooted in the formal traditions of Beethoven and Schubert and inflected
with Wagnerian harmony and orchestration. Until late in his career his
reputation rested mainly on his improvisatory skills at the organ. The Fourth
Symphony, like the Third, exists in three distinct versions. The first was
completed in November 1874 (ed. Nowak, 1974).
In this revision of 1878, Bruckner ‘tightened up' the first two movements,
revised the finale and replaced the original scherzo with a new movement. In
1880 Bruckner substantially recomposed the finale. The work, comprising the
first three movements of 1878 and the finale of 1880, was given its first
performance by the Vienna Philharmonic, conducted by Hans Richter, on February
20, 1881. After this performance, Bruckner unsuccessfully attempted to get the
symphony published. In undertaking the third and final revision, Bruckner was
assisted by Ferdinand Löwe and probably by the Schalk brothers.
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233a.
Edward Alexander MacDowell (1860-1908).
Indian Suite, [Suite No. 2, Op. 48]. Autograph manuscript. Boston, ca. 1889-1897. RBML, Edward MacDowell Papers
233b.
Columbia University.
Silver cup presented to MacDowell by Columbia students, 1904. RBML, Edward MacDowell Papers
A Columbia University committee, after hearing a performance of McDowell's
Indian Suite by the Boston Symphony Orchestra on January 23, 1896, decided to
recommend MacDowell as the university's first professor of music. The cup is
engraved with the names of his students and inscribed, "with the high esteem and
affection of his classes at Columbia University."
(Manuscript) Gift of the Mary Flagler Cary Charitable Trust, 1969 ; (Cup) Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Evans, 1972
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234.
Gustav Holst (1874-1934).
Egdon Heath. Autograph manuscript, August, 1927. Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library, Deposit to RBML
The music of "Egdon Heath," inspired by Thomas Hardy's The Return of the
Native, is elusive and unpredictable. Its three main elements are set out at
the beginning-a pulseless wandering melody, first for double basses and then all
the strings, a sad brass processional and restless music for strings and oboe.
All three intertwine and transmute, eventually coming to rest with music of
desolation, out of which emerges a ghostly dance, the strangest moment in a
strange work. After this comes a resolution of sorts, and the ending, though
hardly conclusive, gives the impression of an immense journey achieved, even
though "Egdon Heath" lasts no more than 12 minutes.
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235.
Béla Bartók (1881-1945).
Rumanian Folk Music. Autograph manuscript, ca. 1942. RBML, Béla Bartók Papers
Central to Béla Bartók's work as a composer was his work as an
ethno-musicologist. With fellow Hungarian composer, Zoltán Kodály, he travelled
throughout Eastern Europe and Turkey collecting folk music prior to the
devastations of World Wars I and II. Alarmed by the spread of fascism, Bartók
emigrated to the United States in 1940. On his arrival, he was commissioned by
Columbia to transcribe a large collection of Yugoslav folk music, and was
awarded an honorary doctorate by the University that year. He prepared the
manuscripts of his work on Rumanian and Turkish folk music for publication, but
was unable to find a publisher. He then donated the material to Columbia along
with his tabulation of Serbo-Croatian folk music, held in the Parry Collection
at Harvard, that had been published. By 1943 his health was failing and he died
from leukemia in New York in 1945. His Rumanian and Turkish manuscripts were
later published by his estate.
Gift of Béla Bartók, 1943 and 1944; transferred to RBML from Central Files, 1981
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236.
Boris Artzybasheff (1899-1965).
Marian Anderson. Painting in tempera and pencil for the cover of Time, December 30, 1946. RBML, Art Collection
During the 1930s, Arturo Toscanini had told the American contralto Marian
Anderson, "A voice like yours comes but once in a century." In 1941, when she
booked Constitution Hall in Washington, D. C. for a concert, her booking was
cancelled by the Daughters of the American Revolution, the owners of the hall.
Walter White of the NAACP told Eleanor Roosevelt what had happened, suggesting
that the concert could be held out of doors on government property. Mrs.
Roosevelt called Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, and the concert was
held on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial before a crowd of 75,000. Despite this
triumph, Marian Anderson did not make her Metropolitan Opera debut until 1955,
when she was fifty-three, becoming the first African American to sing at the Met.
Bequest of Boris Artzybasheff, 1965
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237.
Douglas Moore (1893-1969).
"Augusta's Aria," from The Ballad of Baby Doe. Autograph manuscript, ink and pencil, ca. 1956. RBML, Douglas Moore Papers
The Ballad of Baby Doe was commissioned by the Koussevitsky Foundation of
the Library of Congress for the 200th anniversary of Columbia
University. Completed in 1956, it has become one of the most popular American
operas of the modern day. The story is a mixture of romance and frontier
rowdiness, a tale of wealth turned into poverty by the change of the silver
standard during the William Jennings Bryan era.
Douglas Moore was educated at the Hotchkiss School and Yale University (BA
1915, BM 1917), where he studied composition with Horatio Parker. He began to
write songs for social events, developing a gift for writing melodies in a
popular style. This skill was reinforced by further songwriting during his World
War I service in the US Navy (from 1917); the resulting collection, Songs My
Mother Never Taught Me (1921), co-authored with folk-singer John Jacob
Niles, brought Moore his first public recognition.
In 1926 Moore was appointed to the faculty of Columbia University, where he
became chair of the music department in 1940, remaining in that post until his
retirement in 1962. He gradually became one of the most influential figures in
American music, both as a teacher and as a director or board member of many
organizations, including ASCAP and the National Institute and American Academy
of Arts and Letters. Moore's papers include his professional and personal
correspondence, original scores and sketches, and production notes, libretti and
data concerning his major works.
Gift of Mrs. Douglas Moore & Family, 1971 and 1973; and on-going gifts
of Mary Moore Kelleher & Sarah Moore
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