Submitted: May 1, 1998 Winifred Armstrong Consulting Ecological Economist Affiliations: Regional Plan Association, New York and The Institute of African Studies University Seminar on Studies in Contemporary Africa Columbia University Mail Address: 400 Central Park West New York, New York 10025 USA phone: 212-865-3078 fax: 212-253-5666 e-mail: wa400cpw@aol.com Ecology; environment; Africa; economics