Herbert H. Lehman
Social Sciences Library		 300 International Affairs
420 W. 118th St. / New York, NY 10027
(212) 854-3794 / lehman@libraries.cul.columbia.edu


The U.S. Intelligence Community:
Information Resources
Background Information Bibliographies & Indexes Periodicals/News/Blogs Intelligence Reform
Congressional Oversight & Budget Classified/Declassified FOIA Other Web Sources
Information Specific to an Agency
Office of the Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Department of Energy
Department of State Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office
National Security Agency National Security Council Other Agencies  


This is a selective guide to resources at Columbia University Libraries and on the Internet, for conducting research on U.S. government agencies involved in intelligence activities, the classification and declassification of government documents related to intelligence activities, and Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. Some of the items included may also have information about commercial espionage or intelligence activities of foreign governments, but that is not the focus of this guide. Please consult CLIO for other materials in the Columbia University Libraries.

Start your research with a guide:
Chapman, Bert.
Researching National Security and Intelligence Policy.
Washington, D.C. : CQ Press, c2004.
UA 23 .C5135 2004 - Lehman


Service restricted to members of the Columbia community Access Restrictions: available to current Columbia faculty, staff and students only.

 

Background Information

An Overview of the United States Intelligence Community
Provides brief descriptions of the mission and activities of the major intelligence agencies, January 2007.


Andrew, Christopher.
For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush.
New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
JK 468.I6 A844 1996g - Lehman
Carl, Leo D.
The CIA Insider's Dictionary of US and Foreign Intelligence, Counterintelligence & Tradecraft.
Washington, D.C. : NIBC Press, 1996.
JF I525 .I6 C365 1996 - Lehman
Daggett, Stephen.
The U.S. Intelligence Budget: a Basic Overview, from the Congressional Research Service, 2004
Finnegan, John Patrick.
Military Intelligence.
Washington, D.C. : Center of Military History, United States Army : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1998.
UB 256 .U6 F56 1998 - Butler
D 114.11:IN 8 - US Government Documents
Godson, Roy.
Dirty Tricks or Trump Cards: U.S. Covert Action and Counterintelligence.
Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 1995.
JK 468 .I6 G62 1995 - Butler
An Intelligence Community Primer
Designed for those without extensive knowledge about the U.S. intelligence community, from the report of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, March 31, 2005.
Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri.
Cloak and Dollar : a History of American Secret Intelligence. 2nd ed.
New Haven : Yale University Press, c2003.
JK 468 .I6 J4543 2003 - Butler
Minnick, Wendell L.
Spies and Provocateurs: a Worldwide Encyclopedia of Persons Conducting Espionage and Covert Action, 1946-1991.
Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, 1992.
JF 1525 .I6 M56 1992 - Lehman
National Security Law. 3rd ed.
New York : Aspen Law & Business, c2002.
KF 4651 .N377 2002 - Lehman
O'Toole, G.J.A.
The Encyclopedia of American Intelligence and Espionage: from the Revolutionary War to the Present.
New York: Facts on File, 1988.
UB 271 .U5 O85 - Lehman
The Pentagon's Spies, May 2001
A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book which documents the creation, evolution and (in some cases) abolition of a number of military service/DoD human intelligence organizations, the product of their activities, and the controversies that have occurred over the last several decades.
Powers, Thomas.
Intelligence Wars : American Secret History from Hitler to al-Qaeda.
New York : New York Review Books, c2002.
JK 468 .I6 P678 2002 - Butler
Ransom, Harry Howe.
The Intelligence Establishment.
Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1970.
JK 468 .I6 R3 1970 - Lehman
Richelson, Jeffrey T.
The U.S. Intelligence Community. 4th ed.
Boulder : Westview Press, 1999.
JK 468 .I6 R53 1999 - Lehman
Tunnell, James E.
Latest Intelligence: an International Directory of Codes Used by Government, Law Enforcement, Military, and Surveillance Agencies.
Blue Ridge Summit, PA : Tab Books, 1990.
Z 104 .T89 1990 - Lehman
Turner, Michael A.
Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence.
Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press, 2006.
JK 468 .I6 T863 2006 - Lehman
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Factbook on Intelligence.
Washington, D.C. : Office of Public Affairs, CIA, [2001?]
KF 7683 .C3 U55 2001g - Lehman
U.S. Espionage and Intelligence: Organization, Operations, and Management, 1947-1996.
Alexandra, VA : Chadwyck-Healey; Washington, D.C. : The National Security Archive, 1997.
MICFICHE FX3 6489 - U.S. Government Documents
Description of the collection
The U.S. Intelligence Community: Organization, Operations, and Management, 1947-1989.
Alexandra, VA : Chadwyck-Healey; Washington, D.C. : The National Security Archive, 1990.
MICFICHE FX3 4619 - U.S. Government Documents
Description of the collection


Bibliographies, Indexes & Abstracts

Air University Library Index to Military Periodicals. Quarterly.
Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: Air University Library,1949-
Z 5063 .A2 U8 - Lehman
American Foreign Policy and Treaty Index (AFPTI).
Washington, D.C. : Congressional Information Service, 1993-1999.
Z 1245 .A45 - Lehman Index Table
A comprehensive index, with abstracts, to key foreign policy documents produced by the executive branch, Congress, and independent agencies, including some of the intelligence agencies. Both depository and non-depository publications are indexed, with an accompanying AFPTI microfiche set of the full text of the non-depository publications.
Blackstock, Paul W.
Intelligence, Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Operations: a Guide to Information Sources.
Detroit : Gale, 1978.
Z 6724 .I7 B55 - Lehman
CIS Index to Publications of the United States Congress. Monthly.
Washington, D.C. : Congressional Information Service, 1970-
Z 1223 .Z7 C62 - Lehman Index Table
A comprehensive index, with abstracts, to congressional publications. Foreign policy materials may be located under such subject headings as "Foreign Assistance," Foreign Relations," "Military Assistance," and the names of specific acts and programs, as well as country name. Web version is LexisNexis Congressional, below.
Clark, J. Ransom.
The Literature of Intelligence: a Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments, 2004
Compiled by a former CIA officer.
Current Military and Political Literature: Comment and Abstracts & Citations of Important Articles from International Military and Defence Periodicals. Bimonthly.
Oxford : Military Press, 1983-1993.
Z 6721 .C82 - Lehman
Goehlert, Robert.
The CIA: a Bibliography.
Monticello, Ill. : Vance Bibliographies, 1980.
Z 7164 .A2 G64 - Lehman
House, Jonathan M.
Military Intelligence, 1870-1991: a Research Guide.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 1993.
UB 250 .H68 1993 - Lehman
Intelligence, Espionage and Related Topics : an Annotated Bibliography of Serial, Journal and Magazine Scholarship, 1844-1998.
Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1999.
R016.355 In8 - Butler Reference
Service restricted to members of the Columbia community International Political Science Abstracts. Bimonthly.
Paris: International Political Science Association, 1951-
JA 36 .I5 - Lehman
R053 In8 - Butler Reference
Service restricted to members of the Columbia community Jane's Online
Jane's Online provides full text access to Jane's Geopolitical Library, Defence Weekly, International Defense Review, Intelligence Review, All the World's Aircraft, Fighting Ships, and World Defense Industry, as well as news and information sources.
Service restricted to members of the Columbia community LexisNexis Congressional
LexisNexis Congressional is a web version of the CIS Index, above, enhanced with links to full text documents, bill tracking features, and other new features; an excellent product and the best place to start for legislative research.
Lowenthal, Mark M.
The U.S. Intelligence Community: an Annotated Bibliography.
New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.
Z 6724 .I7 L69 1994 - Lehman
Contains not only valuable annotations to items on intelligence theory and practice, history and organization, oversight, and other bibliographies, but also a very useful appendix with the full text of the most important legislation and executive orders pertaining to U.S. intelligence.
Service restricted to members of the Columbia community PAIS International. Monthly.
New York: Public Affairs Information Service, 1915- .
Z 7163 .P922 - Lehman
Petersen, Neal H.
American Intelligence, 1775-1990: a Bibliographical Guide.
Claremont, CA : Regina Books, 1992.
Z 6724 .I7 P48 1992 - Lehman
R016.355 P44 - Butler Reference
Rand Corporation. Selected Rand Abstracts. Quarterly.
Santa Monica, CA.: Rand, 1964-
Z 7911 .R151 - Lehman
Service restricted to members of the Columbia community Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
The database contains abstracts of books and articles from professional journals and major news magazines, devoted to North American and international politics.


Periodicals, News, & Blogs

Peake, Hayden B.
The Reader's Guide to Intelligence Periodicals.
Washington, D.C. : NIBC Press, 1992.
JF 1525 .I6 P43 1992 - Lehman
A well-researched book which describes in detail some 150 intelligence or intelligence-related journals. The following titles are available in the library (or via the Internet):


Intelligence Reform

Service restricted to members of the Columbia community Proposals for Intelligence Reorganization, 1949-2004, from the Congressional Research Service
Side By Side Comparison of 9/11 Commission Intelligence Reforms and Legislative Proposals, August 2004, from the Congressional Research Service
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-458, S.2845):
Text of P.L. 108-458
House Report 108-796
Congressional Research Service Summary
Statement of Administration Policy on S. 2845 - National Intelligence Reform Act of 2004, September 28, 2004


Barger, Deborah G.
Toward a Revolution in Intelligence Affairs, RAND Publication TR-242-CMS, 2005
Berkowitz, Bruce
Spying in the Post–September 11 World, Hoover Digest, 2003, no.4
Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction
Report to the President, March 31, 2005
Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community.
Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence
Washington, DC : GPO : 1996.
Y 3.2:C 17/IN 8 - U.S. Government Documents
JK 468 .I6 C62 1996 - Lehman
The Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995 (P.L. 103-359) created the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community (the Aspin-Brown Commission). This bipartisan panel was charged with reviewing "the efficacy and appropriateness" of U.S. intelligence activities in the "post-cold war global environment" and with submitting a report of its findings and recommendations to the President and the Congress. The Commission's report was released on March 1, 1996. It addresses such issues as the size and secrecy of the intelligence budget; the organization of U.S. Intelligence Community; management of the CIA; covert action; economic intelligence; intelligence support to policy makers and military operations; space reconnaissance; "right-sizing" intelligence agencies; and oversight of intelligence.
Executive Order 13328: Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, President George W. Bush, February 6, 2004
Fact Sheet: President Issues New Orders to Reform Intelligence , President George W. Bush, August 27, 2004
Executive Order Strengthened Management of the Intelligence Community (13355)
Executive Order National Counterterrorism Center
Executive Order Strengthening the Sharing of Terrorism Information to Protect Americans
Executive Order Establishing the President's Board on Safeguarding Americans' Civil Liberties
Gentry, John A.
A Framework for Reform of the U.S. Intelligence Community., June 1995
This comprehensive treatment of intelligence reform issues was prepared by former CIA analyst John A. Gentry for submission to the Congressional intelligence committees and the Aspin Commission on Intelligence Roles and Missions.
Gutjahr, Melanie M. H.
The Intelligence Archipelago : the Community’s Struggle to Reform in the Globalized Era.
Washington, D.C. : Center for Strategic Intelligence Research, Joint Military Intelligence College : 2005
D 5.202:IN 8/8 - U.S. Government Documents
Intelligence Reform, from the FAS Intelligence Resource Program
Sponsored by the Federation of American Scientists (FAS), the Intelligence Reform site promotes public awareness and discussion of the various Executive and Legislative intelligence reform initiatives and their successful implementation. FAS challenges excessive government secrecy which obscures public participation in this debate, and promotes public oversight of the intelligence reform process.
Intelligence Reform Program, from the Center for International Policy
Making Intelligence Smarter: the Future of U.S. Intelligence.
New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996.
JK 468 .I6 M36 1996g - Lehman
National Institute for Public Policy.
Modernizing Intelligence: Structure and Change for the 21st Century
The Odom Study, January 2002.
National Performance Review (U.S.)
Intelligence Community: Accompanying Report of the National Performance Review.
Washington, DC : Office of the Vice President : 1993.
PRVP 42.2:G 74/INTELL. - U.S. Government Documents
Presidential Decision Directive (PDD): U.S. Counterintelligence Effectiveness: Counterintelligence for the 21st Century
Fact sheet provided by the Federation of American Scientists, January 5, 2001
Reforming and Strengthening Intelligence Services
Fact sheet from the White House, September 8, 2004
Shelby, Richard C.
Additional Views of Senator Richard C. Shelby, Vice Chairman, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, September 11 and the Imperative of Reform in the U.S. Intelligence Community, December 10, 2002
Transforming U.S. Intelligence.
Washington, D.C. : Georgetown University Press, c2005.
JK 468 .I6 T67 2005 - Lehman
Twentieth Century Fund. Task Force on the Future of U.S. Intelligence.
In From the Cold: the Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the Future of U.S. Intelligence.
JK 468 .I6 T97 1996 - Lehman
U.S. Intelligence at the Crossroads: Agendas for Reform.
Washington, DC : Brassey's, c1995.
JK 468.I6 U18 1995 - Lehman
Warner, Michael.
U.S. Intelligence Community Reform Studies Since 1947, Center for the Study of Intelligence, April 2005


Congressional Oversight and Budget

Intelligence activities are conducted by numerous departments, agencies, and bureaus within the executive branch of the government. Congress plays a role in the areas of authorization, funding and accountability. The items in this section address that often contested relationship.

The variety of documents (located in the U.S. Government Documents Collection ( on microfiche) related to appropriations for intelligence activities can be located in CLIO by the following subject searches:
There is a useful compilation of intelligence laws issued biennally:

Compilation of Intelligence Laws and Related Laws and Executive Orders of Interest to the National Intelligence Community.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, 1983-
Y4.In 8/18:L 44 [date] - U.S. Government Documents (microfiche)

For legislation from the 106th Congress to the present, try a keyword search for the relevant keywords on Thomas

Link to the U.S. House Permanent Select Committee On Intelligence

Link to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence


Annual Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Reports, U.S. Dept. of Justice
Best, Jr., Richard A.
Intelligence Issues for Congress, December 18, 2007, from the Federation of American Scientists
Daggett, Stephen.
The U.S. Intelligence Budget: a Basic Overview, September 24, 2004, from the Congressional Research Service
Disclosures to the Congress, Presidential memo, October 5, 2001
Restricts classified information to only the Speaker of the House, the House Minority Leader, the Senate Majority and Minority Leaders, and the Chairs and Ranking Members of the Intelligence Committees in the House and Senate, text from the Federation of American Scientists.
Intelligence in Congress: from the FAS Intelligence Resource Program
The full text of Congressional Floor Debates, Hearings, and Reports, 1994-present.
Olmsted, Kathryn.
Challenging the Secret Government: the Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI.
Chapel Hill, NC : The University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
JK 468.I6 O45 1996 - Lehman
Smist, Frank John.
Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community, 1947-1994. 2nd ed.
Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.
JK 468 .I6 S56 1994 - Lehman
Snider, L. Britt.
Sharing Secrets With Lawmakers: Congress as a User of Intelligence.
Langley Park, Va.? : Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1997.
JK 468 .I6 S58 1997 - Lehman
United States. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy.
Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy.
JK 468.S4 U57 1997g - Lehman
Report of the Moynihan Commission, released March 4, 1997.
United States. Congress. House. Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.
IC21: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century: Staff Study.
Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1996.
Y 4.IN 8/18:IN 8/STAFF - U.S. Government Documents
United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. 3 vols.
U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China.
Washington : U.S. G.P.O. : U.S. G.P.O. <distributor>, 1999.
Y 1.1/8:105-851/V.1-3 - U.S. Government Documents
Also known as the Cox Report.
"This three-volume report is an unclassified, redacted version of the Final Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the Peoples Republic of China issued on January 3, 1999. The Final Report was, when issued, and remains today, classified Top Secret."
United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence.
Joint Inquiry Into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001.
Washington, D.C. : U.S. G.P.O., 2003
Y 1.1/5:107-351 - U.S. Government Documents
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Asessments on Iraq, July 7, 2004
United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities.
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate : Together with Additional, Supplemental, and Separate Views. 6 vols.
KF 31.5 .G7 1976 - Lehman
Also known as the Church Committee reports.


Budget



The link in this section is to the Federation of American Scientists web site. All information was obtained by FAS via FOIA requests and court orders.
Tracing the Rise and Fall of Intelligence Spending As Portrayed in Official Government Publications


Classified/Declassified Documents

At Cold War's End: US Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1989-1991.
Reston, VA : Central Intelligence Agency, 1999.
DK 274 .A8 1999g - Lehman
Blanton, Tom.
CIA Electronic Reading Room
Special Collections (Historical Review Program)
CIA's Historical Review Program, with the exception of several statutorily mandated requirements, is a voluntary declassification program that focuses on records of historical value. Two projects currently in progress in HRP involve the review of National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) on the former Soviet Union and international communism and intelligence analyses on the former Soviet Union published by the CIA's Directorate of Intelligence.
Cold War International History Project
The project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to disseminate new information and perspectives on Cold War history emerging from previously inaccessible sources on "the other side" -- the former Communist bloc.
Declassification Advisory Panels
Provided by the Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy, this site has full text of various documents released by the Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel, Central Intelligence Agency, Department of State, Department of Energy, Department of Defense, Security Policy Advisory Board, and Assassination Records Review Board.
Service restricted to members of the Columbia community Declassified Documents Reference System: U.S.
Search and retrieve the full text of U.S. government documents routinely declassified; includes documents issued from World War II to the present.
Foreign Relations of the United States:
Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950.
Washington, D.C.: Dept. of State, 1996.
JX 233 .A3 1945/1950 - Lehman
A volume of the official documentary historical record of foreign policy decisions and diplomatic activity of the U.S. government, after the statutory 30-year declassification and review process. This volume is unique in the FRUS series - an attempt to fill in the gaps in previously-published volumes.
Foreign Relations, 1950-1955: the Intelligence Community.
Washington, D.C.: Dept. of State, 1996.
JX 233 .A3 1950/1955 - Lehman
This volume, The Intelligence Community, 1950–1955, is the sequel to The Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, 1945–1950, published in 1996. This new volume, which is organized chronologically from January 1950 to December 1955, documents the institutional growth of the intelligence community during its heyday under Directors Walter Bedell Smith and Allen W. Dulles.
Historical Imagery Declassification: America's Eyes: What We Were Seeing
The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) is leading the U.S. Government effort to declassify and release to the public a variety of historical information about our nation's Intelligence Systems through the Historical Imagery Declassification (HID) Program.
Information Security Oversight Office (National Archives and Records Administration)
ISOO was originally established in 1978 under executive order 12065. It now operates under the authority of executive order 12958 and is currently a component of the National Archives and Records Administration. The site includes the annual reports to the President on security classification programs, 1993-present, and other ISOO documents related to classification and declassification.
Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel (ISCAP)
Executive Order on Classified National Security Information: Full text of E.O. 12958, issued by President Clinton on April 17, 1995, which created ISCAP. "This order prescribes a uniform system for classifying, safeguarding, and declassifying national security information. Our democratic principles require that the American people be informed of the activities of their Government."
Executive Order 12958-Classified National Security Information, as Amended, March 28, 2003
Compilation of ISCAP Communiques, Speeches, and Other Documents, from the Federation of American Scientists
Amendment to E.O. 12958, by President George W. Bush, March 25, 2003
Laws And Regulations Governing The Protection Of Sensitive But Unclassified Information
A report prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, September 2004.
National Security Archive
The National Security Archive is an independent non-governmental research institute and library located at The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. The Archive collects and publishes declassified documents acquired through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Its public web site contains information about several programs and projects, including the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Database, Cold War International History Project, Nuclear History, White House E-mail (Reagan through Clinton), FOIA, and more. It also publishes excellent print indexes and microfiche sets for specific, usually foreign, policy topics, retrieved mostly through FOIA requests.

Click for detailed information on the following microfiche sets, all of which are located in Lehman Library:
Indexes Shelved on Lehman Index Table:


The Service restricted to members of the Columbia community Digital National Security Archive provides online searching and full text access to most of the collections above. It also provides access to National Security Archive collections which Columbia University Libraries does not own in print/microfiche format:
Also, from the NSA web site:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Books: Online document compilations dealing with U.S. foreign policy, military and intelligence, political events, and more
OpenTheGovernment.org
A coalition of groups united over a concern about the secrecy policies in U.S. government.
The President's Daily Brief
A description of the Daily Brief and the controversy surrounding it, along with links to a few declassified briefs; from the National Security Archive.
Presidential Directives:
Consult the section of the guide to Executive Branch Resources
Quist, Arvin S.
Security Classification of Information.
Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Oak Ridge K-25 Site, [1993-2002]
Volume 1, Introduction, History, and Adverse Impacts
Volume 2, Principles for Classification of Information
The Record: News from the National Archives and Records Administration. Quarterly. 1987-1998.
AE 1.117/2: - U.S. Government Documents
Lists some materials recently declassified.
Rozell, Mark J.
Executive Privilege: Presidential Power, Secrecy, and Accountability. 2nd ed.
Lawrence : University Press of Kansas, c2002.
JK 468 .S4 R67 2002 - Business
The Truth-Telling Project
The Truth-Telling Project, led by Daniel Ellsberg, encourages whistleblowing in the national interest. It urges current and recently retired government officials to reveal the truth to Congress and the public about governmental wrongdoing. lies and cover-up.
U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Government Reform. Minority Office.
Secrecy in the Bush Administration, September 14, 2004
U.S. Dept. of State Declassified Documents Collections
A growing collection, including material on Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala.
USGS Declassified Satellite Imagery - 1 and USGS Declassified Satellite Imagery - 2
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has begun distributing film negatives, positives, and paper prints from declassified satellite photographs collected by the U.S. intelligence community during the 1960's and early 1970's. The sale of photographs to the public has begun with the initial transfer of 2,650 of the total 18,000 rolls of film slated for delivery to the USGS from the Central Intelligence Agency. The entire collection of these declassified photos will incrementally reach USGS National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive at the Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota by the end of the summer of 1996. The online catalog will be updated daily as new rolls are added to the archive.
University Publications of America indexes and microform sets
Microform Reading Room, Butler Library.
Indexes and microfilm sets for various declassified documents, such as the Confidential U.S. State Department Files, Documents of the National Security Council, and the national security files for John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Check CLIO for specific titles.


Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

Adler, Allan.
Litigation Under the Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act. 14th ed.
Washington, D.C. : American Civil Liberties Union, 1989.
KF 5753 .L57 1990g - Lehman
Adler, Allan.
Using the Freedom of Information Act: a Step-By-Step Guide.
KF 5753 .A34 1987g - Lehman
A Citizen's Guide on Using the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act of 1974 to Request Government Records.
Washington, D.C. : GPO, 2005.
Y 1.1/8:109-226 - U.S. Government Documents (microfiche)
KF 5753 .A33 1989g - Lehman (earlier ed. in paper)
FOIA: a Web site at the National Security Archive (above), with information on how to submit a FOIA request, sample FOIA requests, and addresses of all FOIA offices
foilaw.net: Resources on Freedom of Information Law
Information on FOIA laws around the world.
The Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. Section 552 (As Amended) - see Code of Federal Regulations for Parallel Table of Authorities FOIA requirements for each agency
Electronic Freedom of Information Amendments of 1996, enacted into law October 2, 1996
A People Armed?: a report on E-FOIA compliance, by OMB Watch, January 4, 2000
Update on Implementation of the 1996 Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments. U.S. General Accounting Office, August 30, 2002
-- A detailed report which notes "backlogs of pending requests governmentwide are substantial and growing, indicating that agencies are falling behind in processing requests."
Update on Freedom of Information Act Implementation Status. U.S. General Accounting Office, February 18, 2004
Freedom-of-Information Services, from the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
Freedominfo.org
This site is a one-stop portal that describes best practices, consolidates lessons learned, explains campaign strategies and tactics, and links the efforts of freedom-of-information advocates around the world.
National Freedom of Information Coalition
The National FOI Coalition joins First Amendment and open government organizations from individual states in a self-supporting alliance as they seek to protect the public's right to know through the education of media professionals, attorneys, academics, students and the general public.
The National Security Archive: Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Justice Delayed is Justice Denied: the Ten Oldest Pending FOIA Requests
The National Security Archive Audits of FOIA Administration
In January 2003 the National Security Archive initiated a "Freedom of Information Act Audit" - borrowing the methodology developed by state and local journalism groups to file simultaneous FOIA requests at multiple agencies and offices, and compile the results in order to identify the best and worst practices.
The U.S. Freedom of Information Act On Its 37th Birthday
Litigation Under the Federal Open Government Laws.
Washington, D.C. : American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, 1991-
KF 5753 .L5721 - Law Library
Provides summaries and commentaries on recent FOIA case law, and advice on litigation strategy.
U.S. Department of Justice Freedom of Information Act Home Page
Includes:
  • FOIA Annual Report.
  • FOIA Post
    As of 2001, FOIA Post will serve as a primary means of FOIA policy dissemination and as an efficient vehicle for communicating FOIA-related information to agency FOIA personnel and others who are interested in the Act's administration.
  • Justice Department Guide to the Freedom of Information Act, May 2004
    -- The "Justice Department Guide to the Freedom of Information Act" is an overview discussion of the FOIA's exemptions, its law enforcement record exclusions, and its most important procedural aspects.
  • FOIA Reference Guide, November 2003
    -- A procedural "how to" guide, with contact info and forms.
  • FOIA Update. Irregular. 1980-2000.
    J 1.58:15/3: - U.S. Government Documents
    Newsletter of FOIA developments, replaced by FOIA Post, above.
  • Principal FOIA Contacts at Federal Agencies

Uncle Sam - FOIA Information, from the University of Memphis
This site has links to and information about the specialized FOIA offices in each of the Cabinet departments and many of the independent agencies.


Other Web Resources

Association of Former Intelligence Officers
AFIO's educational focus is on fostering understanding of the vital importance and role of US intelligence, firstly in terms of understanding the critical need for US foreign intelligence collection and evaluation as well as special operations and covert activities, using both high technology and human sources, supporting the President, US policy and decision makers, diplomacy, strategy, security and defense, and secondly, in terms of understanding the critical need for effective counterintelligence against foreign political, technological or economic espionage as well as clandestine actions and covert, terrorist or criminal operations threatening US security, the national infrastructure, or corporate and individual safety.
Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies
The Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies (called the CI Centre) and the Centre for Counterterrorism Studies (CT Studies) of Alexandria, Virginia is a non-governmental center committed to excellence in counterintelligence, counterterrorism and security education, analysis and leadership to serve you and your organization's needs. We provide advanced counterintelligence and security training, counterterrorism training, research and analysis for the US Government, the Intelligence Community and private sector companies. Our aim is to increase the number of people within these communities who have a broad and deep understanding of the counterintelligence discipline and its strategic importance to mission success.
Cold War International History Project
CWIHP was established at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., in 1991. The project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to disseminate new information and perspectives on Cold War history emerging from previously inaccessible sources on "the other side" -- the former Communist bloc. Registration required.
Cryptome
A database of more than 6000 documents, articles, and news reports related to U.S. intelligence and classification matters, provided by John Young.
The FAS Intelligence Resource Program
A "comprehensive resource on the past and future of the American intelligence community," from the Federation of American Scientists, it includes sections on Intelligence Systems and Programs, Intelligence Agencies and Budgets, Worldwide Intelligence Agencies, Documents and Records, Congressional Material, News Reports and Analysis, and more.
Presidential Directives and Executive Orders
Working Document of the European Parliament Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System, May 4, 2001
The FAS Project on Government Secrecy
This is an extremely rich web site, also maintained by the Federation of American Scientists, which features the texts of White House memos and executive orders, Security Policy Board documents, other government documents related to secrecy questions, as well as issues of their publication, Secrecy and Government Bulletin.
Military Intelligence Sites, Political Science Dept., Loyola College of Maryland
Includes links to Military Intelligence Unit Sites, Dept. of Defense Directives, other documents related to defense intelligence, and historical reference sites.
National Military Intelligence Association
The NMIA was formed in 1974 as an organization to network intelligence professionals in the Military Services, the Intelligence Agencies and Offices of the U.S. Government and Congress, within which they can share and exchange ideas for their individual professional enhancement and the good of the entire Intelligence Community.
Stratfor.com
A private intelligence company which provides open-source information, current-awareness and analysis. Areas of focus are three Intelligence Centers: Global, CIS & Eastern Europe, and Asia; Hotspots (areas of current world conflict); Global Intelligence Update (GIU), a weekly and quarterly summary of events arranged around a specific theme; and quarterly and annual forecasts of economic and political events worldwide.
Columbia University does NOT subscribe.


Information Specific to an Agency


The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) serves as the head of the Intelligence Community (IC). The DNI also acts as the principal advisor to the President; the National Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council for intelligence matters related to the national security; and oversees and directs the implementation of the National Intelligence Program. The major publication of the DNI is:
The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States: Transformation Through Integration and Innovation, October 2005
The DNI establishes community-wide policy through a series of directives, which remain in force until they are updated or replaced. The nomenclature for these directives change over time. The following links are to web pages from the Federation of American Scientists, with lists of the directives, including full text of any directives which have been released, usually as a result of FOIA requests.
DCIDs: Director of Central Intelligence Directives, 1976-2004
ICDs: Intelligence Community Directives, 2005-present
ICPMs: Intelligence Community Policy Memorandums, 2005-present
ICPMs provide temporary policy direction to the intelligence community before a formal ICD is issued.


For a list of books about the CIA, check CLIO under the subject heading:    United States Central Intelligence Agency

Annual Reports: FY 1994 (from the FAS Intelligence Reform Project), 1997-present
The CIA : Current Issues and Background.
New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2003.
JK 468 .I6 C24 2003 - Lehman
A concise history of the CIA and U.S. intelligence.
CIA Cold War Records.
A series of monographs published by the CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence, resulting from the declassification of older records.
Search CLIO under the title, CIA Cold War Records to retrieve a list of titles in the libraries.
CIA Historical Review Panel. Reports, 1996-present
The CIA Historical Review Panel is an advisory group of non-governmental historians that was established to provide recommendations to the CIA concerning its declassification of historically valuable records.
CIA Maps and Publications - to use those in Lehman Library, ask Reference staff.
CIA Publications
Links to full text of reports published by the CIA. Print copies of most will also be available in the libraries.
Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence
Factbook on Intelligence.
Washington, D.C. : Office of Public Affairs, CIA, <2001?>
KF 7683 .C3 U55 2001g - Lehman
A concise history of the CIA and U.S. intelligence.
Goodman, Melvin A.
CIA: The Need for Reform
A policy report from Foreign Policy in Focus, February 2001.
Kimball, Warren F.
"And Ye Shall Know the Truth and the Truth Shall Make You Free:" Openness and the CIA
An article from Studies in Intelligence, v.44, no.2 (2000), pp.21-25, provided by the Federation of American Scientists.
Records Management in the Central Intelligence Agency, March 2000
A report by the National Archives and Records Administration which cites "serious shortcomings" in the CIA records management program, and calls for the CIA to turn over its records to NARA sooner than the current 50-year retention period.
Richelson, Jeffrey.
The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology.
Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 2001.
UB 251 .U5 R53 2001 - Lehman
Science, Technology and the CIA: a National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book
Includes 44 documents, 1951-2000, produced by the Directorate of Science and Technology.
Strategic Investment Plan for Intelligence Community Analysis, February 2001


DIA, Moving Toward the 21st Century
History of the Defense Intelligence Agency.
Washington, D.C. : The Agency, 1985.
D 5.202:H 62 - U.S. Government Documents
In Defense of the Nation - DIA At Forty Years.
Washington, D.C. : The Agency, 2002.
D 5.202:D 36 - U.S. Government Documents


Closing the Circle on the Splitting of the Atom: the Environmental Legacy of Nuclear Weapons Production in the United States and What the Department of Energy Is Doing About It.
Washington, DC : U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Environmental Management : 1995.
E 1.2:C 62 - U.S. Government Documents
OpenNet
OpenNet will include references to all documents declassified and made publicly available after October 1, 1994. New references will be added periodically as they occur. In addition to these documents, OpenNet references older document collections from several DOE sources.


Foreign Relations of the U.S. (FRUS).
Washington, D.C. : G.P.O., 1910-
JX 233 .A3 - Lehman
FRUS presents the official documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity of the U.S. government. There are more than 300 volumes, issued chronologically, and arranged by area of policy concern. There is a 30-year delay in publication due to a statutory requirement that materials selected go through a declassification review process in the Dept. of State, but that the series be published not more than 30 years after the events recorded. It is edited by the State Department Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation, whose reports outline some of the conflicts between the academic concerns of the historians involved with FRUS and the agencies responsible for supplying the material.
Website of the State Department Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation, from the Federation of American Scientists' Project on Government Secrecy, including their annual reports and transcripts of the minutes of their meetings.
Bureau of Intelligence and Research
Counterterrorism Office


The FBI is the lead counterintelligence agency in the United States. It has the principal authority to conduct and coordinate counterintelligence and counterterrorism investigations and operations within the United States. The FBI, supported by other U.S. agencies as needed, conducts espionage investigations when the subject of the investigation is not under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense, Uniform Code of Military Justice.
National Security Branch
The National Security Branch (NSB) was established on 9/12/05, in response to a presidential directive to establish a “National Security Service” that combines the missions, capabilities, and resources of the counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and intelligence elements of the FBI under the leadership of a senior FBI official.
The FBI: a Comprehensive Reference Guide.
Phoenix, AZ : Oryx Press, 1999.
HV 8144 .F43 F35 1999 - Lehman
The FBI: an Annotated Bibliography and Research Guide.
New York : Garland, 1994.
Z 7164 .P76 F38 1994 - Lehman
FBI Intelligence Reform Since September 11, 2001: Issues and Options for Congress, a Congressional Research Service report, provided by the Federation of American Scientists
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Monthly. 1981- .
J 1.14/8: - U.S. Government Documents
Haines, Gerald K.
Unlocking the Files of the FBI: a Guide to Its Records and Classifications System.
Wilmington, Del. : Scholarly Resources, 1993.
HV 8144 .F43 H25 1993 - Lehman
National Security Branch, U.S. Dept. of Justice, April 7, 2002
Report of the Commission for Review of FBI Security Programs (Webster Report), U.S. Dept. of Justice, April 7, 2002
Terrorism in the United States. Annual.
Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1989- .
J 1.14/22: - U.S. Government Documents
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
FBI, Facts and History.
Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1990.
J 1.14/2: F 11 - U.S. Government Documents


National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NIMA)
NGA provides timely, relevant, and accurate Geospatial Intelligence in support of national security
Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) Basic Doctrine
Report of the Independent Commission on NIMA, from the Federation of American Scientists
Guide to Marking Classified Documents, October 4, 2001, from the Federation of American Scientists


National Reconnaissance Office
The NRO designs, builds and operates the nation's reconnaissance satellites. NRO products, provided to an expanding list of customers like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Department of Defense (DoD), can warn of potential trouble spots around the world, help plan military operations, and monitor the environment.
Its site also contains information and images from Corona, the nation's first photo reconnaissance satellite system, operating from August 1960 until May 1972. The program was declassified in February 1995.
[Background Information] on the NRO, from the Federation of American Scientists
The NRO Declassified, National Security Archive Briefing Book No. 35
Report: the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, November 14, 2000
Civilians, Spies, and Blue Suits: the Bureaucratic War for Control of Overhead Reconnaissance, 1961-1965, by Jeffrey T. Richelson, the National Security Archive


Memorandum from President Truman Establishing the NSA, October 24, 1952, courtesy of the National Security Archive
Bamford, James.
The Puzzle Palace: a Report on America's Most Secret Agency.
Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1982.
UB 251 .U5 B35 1982 - Lehman
Bamford, James.
Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-secret National Security Agency: from the Cold War Through the Dawn of a New Century.
New York : Doubleday, c2001.
UB 256 .U6 B36 2001 - Lehman
Burns, Thomas L.
The Origins of the National Security Agency, 1940-1952
Published in-house by the NSA's Center for Cryptologic History in 1990, it was originally classified as Top Secret. On 08 Sept 2004, it was declassified - minus certain passages - thanks to a Freedom of Information Act request; from the Memory Hole
The National Security Agency Declassified, January 2000
Fifteen documents concerning the creation and operations of the NSA, declassified courtesy of the National Security Archive.
The National Security Agency: Issues for Congress
A CRS report, January 16, 2001
The National Security Agency's Declassification Initiative
Under the provisions of Executive Order 12958 (Classified National Security Information), dated 17 April 1995, NSA is reviewing for declassification all permanently classified documents 25 years or older. This declassification effort, which NSA has named OPENDOOR, will include information about all documents declassified and made available to the public under E.O. 12958. As these documents are declassified, they will be turned over to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).



The National Security Council is the President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Since its inception under President Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. It's main publication is:
A National Security Strategy ... Annual. 1987-
  • Reagan - Pr 40.2:Se 2/ - U.S. Government Documents
  • G. Bush - Pr 41.2:Se 2/ - U.S. Government Documents
  • Clinton - Pr 42.2 :Se 2/ - U.S. Government Documents
  • G.W. Bush - Pr 43.2 :Se 2/ - U.S. Government Documents

Clinton Administration NSC Page
U.N. Peacekeeping: GAO's Access to Records on Executive Branch Decision-making
A document, provided by the Federation of American Scientists, which details the efforts of the NSC to block GAO efforts to obtain documents needed to complete a study requested by the House Committee on International Relations.


Best, Richard A.
The National Security Council : an Organizational Assessment.
Huntington, N.Y. : Novinka Books, c2001.
UA 23.15 .B47 2001g - Lehman
Documents of the National Security Council, 1947-1977 and Supplements.
Washington, D.C. : University Publications of America, 1980- .
Butler Microfilm Reading Room - various call numbers, check CLIO
Description of the microfilm sets from UPA.
History of the National Security Council, 1947-1997, Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State
Lord, Carnes.
The Presidency and the Management of National Security.
New York : Free Press, 1988.
UA 23 .L7 1988 - Lehman, Barnard
National Security Council Intelligence Directives (NSCIDs), from the FAS Intelligence Resource Program
National Security Presidential Directives (NSPDs), George W. Bush administration, from the FAS Intelligence Resources Program
The National Security Council Project, from the Brookings Institution
The NSC Project examines the its importance in the U.S. foreign policy process, and focuses on both its historical evolution and on key issues relating to structure, staff, policy, and interagency process.
Prados, John.
Keepers of the Keys: a History of the National Security Council from Truman to Bush.
New York : W. Morrow, 1991.
UA 23.15 .P73 1991 - Lehman, Butler

Other Agencies

Dept. of Defense Organization and Functions Guidebook, March 2001
This Guide outlines the functions of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), Defense Agencies, and DoD Field Activities. Where appropriate, the functional statement cites the pertinent Department of Defense (DoD) Directive which charters the organization and provides more detailed information on the authorities, responsibilities, and functions of the organization.
Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
Bridging the Gap: provides an overview of the agency and its programs and also serves as DARPA's strategic plan.
Defense Information Systems Agency
The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is a combat support agency responsible for planning, developing, fielding, operating, and supporting command, control, communications, and information systems that serve the needs of the President, Vice President, the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Combatant Commanders, and the other Department of Defense (DOD) Components under all conditions of peace and war.
DMS GENSER Message Security Classifications, Categories, and Marking Phrase Requirments, March 1999, from the Federation of American Scientists
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
2003 Membership
Dept. of the Treasury, Office of Intelligence and Analysis
Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of National Security Intelligence
National Intelligence Council
The National Intelligence Council is a center for U.S. government mid-term and long-term strategic thinking and for Intelligence Community collaboration on substantive issues. The NIC reports directly to the DCI in his role as head of the Intelligence Community.
Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive (NCIX)
Operating under the auspices of the National Security Council, the NCIX coordinates the US Government's effort to identify and counter foreign intelligence threats to US national and economic security.
Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage
National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States, 2007
President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
Background on the Board, plus the full text of the Executive Order which created it.
Detailed information on the history of the PFIAB and its membership, from SourceWatch.
President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: an Historical and Contemporary Analysis (1955-1975), CRS report

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