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This is a selective guide to resources at Columbia University Libraries and on the Internet, for compiling a legislative history. Most of the items included are available in Lehman Library, either in the Lehman Reference collection or the Lehman stacks. For other locations and titles, check CLIO or Pegasus.
 Access Restrictions: available to current Columbia faculty, staff and students only.
For a very detailed guide to legislative history, consult Federal Legislative History Research: a Practitioner's Guide to Compiling the Documents and Sifting for Legislative Intent, prepared for the Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.
Related guides:
The Legislative Branch, at:
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/usgd/legislative.html
The Legislative Process, at:
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/usgd/legproc.html
What and Why
What is a legislative history ...
A legislative history is a compilation of all the related legislative documents that precede the enactment of a U.S. Public Law (P.L.). It can include related bills and amendments, committee reports, hearings, prints, congressional debates, presidential messages, and other documents. It can include material from both the Congress which passed the bill into law and from previous Congresses which considered that or similar bills.
... and why would I want to compile one?
A legislative history is used to understand the intent and purpose of the law. Often the purpose of the law is not mentioned in the text itself, but will be referred to in some of the other documents which precede it. So a legislative history can be one tool used to determine whether a law is actually serving its purpose. It can also be used in determining the impact that the law has had.
Where to Start
In order to compile a legislative history, you need to know the steps in the legislative process and the documents which are produced as a result of that process -- they form the main components of your history. For a detailed description, consult the guide The Legislative Process.
To begin, you need to know three things: the Public Law (P.L.) number, the bill number, and the date it was introduced in Congress. The following sources can help you identify a P.L. to trace. They also can provide you with valuable background information about the intent of the law, its sponsors, and some of the issues surrounding the bill's passage into law. Each of these sources enables you to select a P.L. by topic, and determine if it was a major piece of legislation.
- CQ Weekly.
- Washington, D.C. Congressional Quarterly, 1948-
- JK 1 .C15 - Lehman
- Updates CQ Almanac, below. All the important activity in Congress.
- CQ Almanac. Annual.
- Washington, D.C. : CQ Press, 1953-
- JK 1 .C66 - Lehman
- CQ covers everything that goes on in Congress and is well indexed. It's useful to determine dates, chronologies, bill titles and numbers. Also a good source for a succinct analysis of the issues related to a particular piece of legislation. Use CQ Weekly, above, for current legislation, the annual almanac for prior years. Congressional Quarterly is the best source to use for initial identification of legislation to research.
- Note: Only bills which were passed into law will have legislative histories.
- Congress and the Nation. Quadrennial.
- Washington, D.C. : CQ Press, 1945-
- KF 49 .C65 - Lehman Reference
- Each volume covers governmental action during a four-year presidential term, divided into broad themes like Economic Policy, Foreign Policy, or Housing and Urban Aid, with chronologies and further references. Useful for determining intent of both the congressional and executive branches.
- National Journal. Biweekly.
- Washington: Government Research Corp., 1981-
- JK 1 .N28 - Lehman
- Current Issues - Lehman Periodicals Room
- National Journal is more policy-oriented than CQ; useful for identifying the major players and issues surrounding legislation.
- National Journal Group's Policy Central is a collection of online resources for politics and policy. It includes the full text of the National Journal, 1977 to the present.
Once you have selected a Public Law, then you have to identify all of the documents associated with it.
Use the following sources:
- CIS Index to Publications of the United States Congress. Annual.
- Washington, Congressional Information Service, 1970-2006.
- Z 1223 .Z7 C62 - Lehman
- The CIS Index gives full bibliographic information for all congressional publications, including Public Laws, Bills, and committee publications. Use for public laws 1970 to 2006.
- Print and microfiche full text of items identified in the CIS Index are located as follows:
1970-1976: Butler Library - ask at Reference Desk
1970-1974 (Committee Prints): CIS microfiche - Lehman Microfiche
1976-1981: CIS microfiche - Lehman Microfiche
1976-present: U.S. Government Documents Collection Offsite (print or microfiche)
- LexisNexis Congressional is a web version of the CIS Index, above, enhanced with links to many full text documents, bill tracking features, etc. The most efficient way to search is by P.L. or bill number, then retrieve bill tracking information. LexisNexis Congressional also can be used to compile legislative histories for older laws, pre-1970. The full text of all public laws, hearings and committee prints is available (through 2003), and the associated documents for the older laws can be located by searching the section "Congressional Indexes, 1789-1969."
- Thomas
- Source for current bills and other legislative activities. Click on "Bill Summary & Status" or "Public Laws" to retrieve the text of bills and laws, and other legislative history documents.
Additional Governmental Sources
Once you have identified the basic documents, there are sources for additional information from government agencies, from both the executive and legislative branches:
- Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
- CBO's mission is to provide the Congress with objective, timely, nonpartisan analyses needed for economic and budget decisions and with the information and estimates required for the Congressional budget process. Since all bills have budget implications, CBO frequently issues documents related to particular bills or to a general area of legislative interest.
- Types of documents to be found here are: studies & reports, cost estimates, and testimony. CBO prepares cost estimates and mandates statements for all bills ordered reported by a full committee of the Congress.
- General Accounting Office (GAO)
- GAO is the investigative arm of Congress. Charged with examining matters relating to the receipt and disbursement of public funds, GAO performs audits and evaluations of Government programs and activities.
- Go to GAO Reports and Testimony. There are options to look at Reports and Testimony Issued since July 1, 1998, by title or by subject, and Reports and Testimony FY 1995 - present.
- Office of Management & Budget (OMB)
- OMB's predominant mission is to assist the President in overseeing the preparation of the Federal budget and to supervise its administration in Executive Branch agencies. In helping to formulate the President's spending plans, OMB evaluates the effectiveness of agency programs, policies, and procedures, assesses competing funding demands among agencies, and sets funding priorities. OMB ensures that agency reports, rules, testimony, and proposed legislation are consistent with the President's budget and with Administration policies.
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Under "Legislative Information," there are two useful sections:
Other useful information may be found on the web sites of government agencies which are responsible for the subject matter of the law in question. For examples in one subject area, see the Social Work Library guide, Researching Health Policy Legislation.
For a list of links to U.S. government agencies, see the U.S. Federal Government Agencies Database, from Duke University.
Sources Outside of Government
While not part of an official legislative history, sources outside of government can be very useful for determining the political climate in which the bill was proposed, the arguments for and against the bill, proponents and opponents, analysis, and outcome. You can search a variety of general news resources, topical indexes, and web sites of research centers, NGOs, and think tanks.
General News Resources
- Lexis-Nexis Academic
- A source of full text newspapers and news magazines; useful for reportage and public debate of issues.
- ProQuest Direct
- You can search both newspapers and research periodicals, with links to the full text of articles.
Topical Indexes
- LibraryWeb: E-Resources: Databases: Indexing & Abstracting Services
- Select appropriate indexes by subject -- many provide links to full text in addition to the citations.
Research Centers, Think Tanks, NGOs
- Associations Unlimited
- Search by subject and/or keyword. The entry for each organization will include a web address, if available.
- Think Tanks & Policy Centers
- This web page has links to some of the most prominent U.S. think tanks, as well as to an online directory.
Legislative Histories Already Compiled
Of course the quickest and easiest way to examine the legislative history of a particular law is if someone else has already compiled it. Some of the published legislative histories which are held by the libraries can be located via a title search on CLIO: Legislative History.
The following are some resources which contain legislative histories.
- CIS Index to Publications of the United States Congress. Annual.
- Washington, Congressional Information Service, 1970-2006.
- Z 1223 .Z7 C62 - Lehman
- One volume of the annual cumulation is Legislative Histories of U.S. Public Laws. It includes a history for each public law, with an abstract of the law and full bibliographic citations for all relevant documents from the current and prior congresses. Documents cited are: slip law, committee reports, bills, Congressional Record, committee hearings, committee prints, House and Senate documents, and the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents.
- Print and microfiche full text of items identified in the CIS Index are located as follows:
1970-1976: Butler Library - ask at Reference Desk
1970-1974 (Committee Prints): CIS microfiche - Lehman Microfiche
1976-1981: CIS microfiche - Lehman Microfiche
1976-present: U.S. Government Documents Collection Offsite (print or microfiche)
- LexisNexis Congressional is a web version of the CIS Index, above, enhanced with links to many full text documents, bill tracking features, etc. The most efficient way to search is by P.L. or bill number, then retrieve bill tracking information. LexisNexis Congressional also can be used to compile legislative histories for older laws, pre-1970. The full text of all public laws, hearings and committee prints is available (through 2003), and the associated documents for the older laws can be located by searching the section "Congressional Indexes, 1789-1969."
- American Landmark Legislation.
- Dobbs Ferry, N.Y. : Oceana Publications, 1976-1979
- KF 68 .S5 1976 - Law
- American Landmark Legislation, Second Series.
- Dobbs Ferry, N.Y. : Oceana Publications, 1984.
- KF 68 .S5 1984 - Law
- Both of these volumes provide complete legislative histories for selected statutes of continuing significance. Expect to find the major laws up until 1984.
- Federal Legislative Histories: an Annotated Bibliography and Index to Officially Published Sources.
- Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1994.
- KF 42.2 1994 - Lehman Reference
- R328.73 F317 - Butler Reference
- Citations to 255 legislative histories, 1862-1990, compiled by the staff of Congressional committees, the Congressional Research Service, or executive agencies of the federal government. Most of these histories are in the Columbia University Libraries -- check CLIO, Pegasus, or the Butler card catalog.
- Johnson, Nancy P.
- Sources of Compiled Legislative Histories.
- Littleton, Colo. : Fred B. Rothman, 1979-
- KF 42.2 1979 - Law Reference
- A looseleaf service, updated annually, which includes references to legislative histories included in law journal articles.
- Legislative Histories of Selected U.S. Laws in Electronic Format, from the Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.
- Legislative History of the Civil Rights Commission
- Union List of Legislative Histories. 7th ed.
- Alexandria, Va. : Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C., 2000.
- KF 4 .U644 2000g - Lehman Reference
- Includes histories of laws from the 1st Congress (1789-1791) through the 105th (1998), in chronological order. For each history: P.L. number, Statutes at Large citation, Bill number, and short title or subject of law.
- U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Division: Legislative Histories
- The Criminal Division of DoJ compiles legislative histories for statutes assigned to it for action. Many of them are listed on this site, and copies can be requested from the Division.
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