Cognition: Basic Processes

Psychology W2210, Spring 2002

Time
TR 9:10 – 10:25
Location
Room 614 Schermerhorn Hall
Instructor
James Magnuson
Schermerhorn 371, (212)854-5667
Office hours: Tuesday 10:45 - 11:45 and by appointment
email: jm2072@columbia.edu
Teaching assistant
Ezequiel Morsella
Schermerhorn 368A
Office hours:Tuesday 1-3
email: morsella@psych.columbia.edu
Prerequisites
Psychology W1001 or W1010 or the instructor's permission.
Course URL
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/2210


Click here for an explanation of paper grading.

Course description

This course introduces the major areas of study in cognition. Cognitive psychology encompasses a range of behavior and functioning, from highly automatic perception to effortful problem solving. We will study general aspects of cognition that are important throughout this range, such as attention, memory, and learning, as well as more specific domains, such as vision, categorization, language, decision making, problem solving, and consciousness. The central theme of the course is how we can study and understand the continuum of functions from perception to high-level cognition. We will discuss how we can generate theories to explain cognition, and how to design experiments to test theories, using a range of methods, from conventional laboratory psychophysics to brain imaging.


Course requirements

Grades will depend on four factors: Exam 1 (20%), Exam 2 (20%), Final Exam (30%), a short (~10 pages) term paper (30%). 

Grade assignments. Grades will be assigned according to the following standards:
A    Excellent performance, greatly exceeding minimum required to fulfill course requirements.  
B    Performance substantially above minimum required to fulfill course requirements.  
C    All course requirements met, including reasonable performance on exams.  
D    Not all requirements met, but performance merits passing grade.  
F    Performance substantially below minimum required to fulfill course requirements.  

Office hours, email, etc.

The professor and teaching assistant are eager to help you master the concepts and material of this course. Each class meeting will begin and sometimes end with a question session. This should be the primary venue for clarification and content questions. The alternative is to visit us during office hours or to make an appointment with the professor. Neither of us will answer such questions by email; it is too inefficient for this purpose; 20 minutes of email writing can often save 2 minutes on the phone. If you have an urgent question that cannot wait until the next class or office hour, either email the professor asking for an appointment, or phone him in his office.


Course schedule: Topics, readings and deadlines

Readings.  For each topic, readings will be comprised of a combination of chapters from the textbook and a small number of primary sources (review or research articles). It appears that all of the readings except the textbook will be available electronically through the CU Library. We will discuss this in the first class meeting. This course requires a substantial amount of reading, usually between about 20 and 40 pages per meeting . A few of the primary sources will be tough going, but serve the goal of introducing you to the actual practice of cognitive psychology. Write down your questions and bring them to class (or to the TA's or professor's office hours). 

Textbook:
Reisberg, D.  (2001), Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind (2nd Ed.). New York: Norton. Available at the Columbia Bookstore.

Readings, lectures and "seminars": You should complete the readings listed for each meeting before the meeting, and the lectures will assume that you have done so. While the readings and lectures will cover the same topics, the details will vary. You will be tested on both sources of information. In addition to lectures, a handful of meetings will be conducted as seminar discussions. Come prepared with at least 3 points to discuss based on the readings. Discussion and questions are encouraged in the lecture sessions as well.

Readings marked ereserve are available here through the Psychology Library web site reserves.

Part 1: Overview and central concepts

Week Date Topic Readings
1 1/22/02 Course overview  None.
1 1/24/02 History, methods, tools and data Chapters 1 and 2
2 1/29/02 Behavior and representation Braitenberg, V. (1984). Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (pp. 1-25). ereserve
See this web page for more info and demonstrations.

Resnick, M. (1994). Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Chapter 1, part of Chapter 3) ereserve
See the StarLogo web page for more info.

See Rod Brooks' page for more info on the robotics work we discussed.

See Craig Reynold's page on flocking and herding behavior (includes examples I showed in class).

Have a look at "They're Made Out of Meat" for some thoughts on our preconceptions about consciousness and intelligence.
2 1/31/02 Perception and recognition Chapter 3
3 2/5/02 Perception, information and level of analysis Marr, D. (1982). Vision. NY: Freeman. Chapter 1 (pp. 8-38) ereserve

Posner, M.I., Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., and Raichle, M. E. (1988). Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. Science, 240, 1627-1630. ereserve
Two pages are missing from the ereserve. They are available as images here.

See this page for a demonstration of how random dot stereograms work.

See http://www.illusionworks.com for demonstrations of cases where perceptual 'heuristics' cause illusions.
3 2/7/02 Attention Chapter 4
4 2/12/02 Attention seminar

Posner, M. (1992). Attention as a cognitive and neural system. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, 11-14. ereserve

Simons, D. J. & Levin, D. T. (1997). Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 261-267. [PDF]

Cowan, N. (1993). Activation, attention and short-term memory. Memory & Cognition, 21, 162-167. ereserve [Ereserve is missing part of this page]

4 2/14/02 Memory introduction

Chapter 5

5 2/19/02 Acquisition and retrieval

Chapter 6
 

5 2/21/02 Varieties of Memory

Chapter 7

6 2/26/02 Memory seminar: Working memory, errors and gaps Loftus, E. F. (1997). Creating false memories. Scientific American, 277 (3), 70-75. [HTML]

See also:
* Arguments against recovered memory
* Recovered memory project: Arguments for the reality of recovered memory
* Sci. American article about memory errors

6 2/28/02 Network models of memory and review

Chapter 8

See also: Eyewitness ID site

7 3/5/02 EXAM 1  

Part 2: Knowledge

Week Date Topic Readings
7 3/7/02 Concepts and categories

Chapter 9

8 3/12/02 Concepts and categories (conclusion)
Language and communication

Chapter 10, (Focus on pp. 301 - 315, along with 331-335)
 

8 3/14/02 Language and communication (continued)

Chapter 10, pp. 315-331

* PAPER TOPIC APPROVAL DEADLINE

  3/19/02 Spring break  
  3/21/02 Spring break  
9 3/26/02 Language and communication, continued

Swinney, D. (1979). Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 645-659. ereserve

9 3/28/02 Gesture and communication (Guest lecture: E. Morsella)

Krauss, R. M. (1998). Why do we gesture when we speak? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7(2), 54-60. ereserve

Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H., Kelly, S. & Wagner, S. (2001). Explaining math: Gesture lightens the load. Psychological Science, 12, 516 - 522. [ PDF ]

10 4/2/02 Language, continued [No new readings]

Videos from eye tracking experiments with adults and kids from John Trueswell's lab at Penn.

10 4/4/02 Language and cognitive development Keil & Batterman (1984). A characteristic-to-defining shift in the development of word meaning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 221-236. ereserve

Chi & Koeske (1983). Network representations of a child's dinosaur knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 19, 29-39. ereserve

11 4/9/02 Visual knowledge and imagery

Chapter 11


Shepard, R. N., Sr Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 272, 701-703. ereserve

11 4/11/02 EXAM 2  


Part 3: Thinking and executive function

Week Date Topic Readings
12 4/16/02 (Visual imagery conclusion)
Judgment and decision making

Chapter 12

12 4/18/02 Judgment, Decision Making, and Reasoning
Chapter 13

  * PAPER OUTLINE DEADLINE

13 4/23/02 Thinking seminar 1: Judgment, decision making, and reasoning

Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. (1974) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131. [PDF]

Chase, V. M., Hertwig, R., and Gigerenzer, G. (1998). Visions of rationality, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, 206-214. [PDF]

Hertwig, R. & Hoffrage, U. (to appear). Technology needs psychology: How natural frequencies foster insight in medical and legal experts. Chapter to appear in: Sedlmeier, P. & Betsch, T. (Eds.), Frequency Processing and Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press. ** TO BE HANDED OUT IN CLASS **

13 4/25/02 Problem solving Chapter 14
14 4/30/02 Consciousness (Guest lecture: E. Morsella) Required: Searle, J. R. (2000). Consciousness. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 557-578. [PDF]

Recommended: Chapter 15

Have another look at "They're Made Out of Meat" for some thoughts on our preconceptions about consciousness and intelligence.
14 5/2/02 Thinking seminar 2: Problem solving (and review)

 * PAPER DEADLINE

Metcalfe, J. & Weibe, D. (1987). Intuition in insight and noninsight problems. Memory & Cognition, 15, 238-246. ereserve

 

Final exam 

THURSDAY, MAY 16, 9AM - NOON
Schermerhorn 614 (regular room)