Annotated bibliography

This bibliography is intended primarily to provide sources for understanding the images presented in the slide show, and for elaborating on the themes of the election campaign and the conduct of polling.

Early Studies

Norman Palmer, Elections and Political Development: The South Asian Experience (Durham: Duke University Press, 1975). See particularly Chapter 5, "The Electoral Process in India" (pp. 106-142).

Myron Weiner, India at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1977 (Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1978). These elections ended the Emergency (quasi-authoritarian) rule of Mrs. Indira Gandhi, and were undoubtedly the most significant election India has had. See Part One, "The Campaign," for an illustrated description of the campaign, and of polling day (pp. 21-63).

Studies of 1984, 1989, and 1996 elections

Walter K. Andersen, "Election 1989 In India: The Dawn of Coalition Politics?" Asian Survey 30, 6 (June1990): 527-540.

Harold A. Gould and Sumit Ganguly, eds. India Votes: Alliance Politics and Minority Governments in the Ninth [1989] And Tenth [1991] General Elections (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993).

Philip Oldenburg, "Pollsters, Pundits and a Mandate to Rule: Interpreting India's 1984 Parliamentary Election," Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 26, 3 (November 1988): 296-317.

Philip Oldenburg, "Corruption as an Election Issue," in Subrata K. Mitra and James Chiriyankandath, eds., Electoral Politics in India: A Changing Landscape (New Delhi: Segment Books, 1992).

Dina M. Siddiqi, "The Festival of Democracy: Media and Elections in Bangladesh," [on the 1996 election], Asian Journal of Communication (Singapore), 6, 2 (1996): 30-42.

Recent election studies

Subrata K. Mitra and V. B. Singh, Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate (New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications, 1999). A fine study based mainly on opinion survey data from the 1967-71 period, and, particularly, 1996.

Philip Oldenburg, Asian Update: The Thirteenth Election of India's Lok Sabha (House of the People) (New York: The Asia Society, 1999). Available on-line (www.asiasoc.org).

Sourcebooks

R. Chandidas and Ward Morehouse, editors and compilers, India Votes, A Source Book On Indian Elections (New York: Humanities Press, 1968). Contains party manifestoes, photographs, cartoons, and the statistical results from the first four general elections.

David Butler, Ashok Lahiri, Prannoy Roy, India Decides: Elections 1952-1995 (3^rd ed.; New Delhi: Books & Things, 1995). Divided into two parts: 1) "Issues," with excellent discussions of: Psephology in India; Voters and Constituencies; Parties and Symbols; Votes and Seats; Polls and Forecasting; and 2) "Statistics," covering: The Presidency; Rajya Sabha [House of the States]; and the Lok Sabha [House of the People], with year by year data, including constituency maps.

Seminar magazine, published in New Delhi (with recent issues online [http://www.india-seminar.com]) examines a particular topic in its monthly issue. The authors include scholars, journalists, and thoughtful politicians. Relevant issues include:

Seminar 306: Behind the Ballot (February 1985)

Seminar 368: The People's Verdict (April 1990)

Seminar 440: The Election Carnival (April 1996)

Seminar 480: Cruel Choices (August 1999)