The Economist (London), weekly; a cut above other weekly newsmagazines, with world-wide coverage. Read critically. The Economist is committed to the ideology of an open world market, but it is fair; it gives the facts on the basis of which one can disagree with its conclusions. Beautifully written. Also, The New York Times. Using both of these sources, follow current events systematically around the world, especially those relevant to class discussion and your selected term project.

Items included in the course packet are marked by "#." No books are included unless they are out of print. Key items not in the course packet are marked with an asterisk "*." When printing materials downloaded from the Internet that follow metric standards (e.g., European documents), fix page setup for a reduction to 90% of original size, otherwise bottom of page may be clipped.

There is no assigned text. It is assumed that students have varying degrees of familiarity with the topics designated in the general readings and the syllabus; readings should be covered accordingly. Background reading and items in the Syllabus are supplementary to class presentations; for some of the topics to be covered in class, no good summary sources (or no sources at all) exist. Taking careful class notes is therefore important. Students are also encouraged to pool notes.

1 Overview of power relationships and worldwide market expansion Metropolitan, regional, national, and global context. Relationships between global economic development, urbanization, worsening income inequalities within and between regions in the world market, and sustainability. Tension between the market and planning. Our interests as individuals and as community members; the market as an incomplete community. Our communal interests, culture, gender, and socialization. Civil society and political alliances in defense of communal interests. World urbanization: center city in the metropolitan, regional, and national setting.

Current World Development Issues as issues of power. Problems inherent in a world market economy; four major areas of market failure. Power relationships in U.S. cities and in the Third World. The East Asian and Russian crises. Worsening income distributions and poverty; limitations of the class concept. Poverty in the U.S. The UNDP's "income poverty" and "human poverty" concepts. Gender and poverty. Poverty, cultural invasion in the Third World, and terrorism. Working through governments or mobilization by class: inherent contradictions of both approaches. Policy and planning in a contradictory world.

Modernization and high technology as cultural invasion. Power relations in precapitalist societies; power as the catalyst in the capitalist tranmsition in Europe and in the Third World. Modern shell institutions versus the institutional web of modern civil society. Modernization and cultural collapse; problems of identity. What high tech means in this context.

Agricultural development as an aspect of urbanization. Western Europe, Russia, and the Third World. The pattern of traditional land distribution and its significance. The role of the family farm in Western Europe in creating domestic markets. Urban industries. The development of capitalism in Russia and in the Third worls; urbanization consequences. Control of pace of agricultural development: France, Japan. The future of rural areas: depopulation? Pervasive sprawl?

2 A paradigmatic case of metropolitan systems in the U.S. and abroad. The market context and politics of U.S. metropolitan land use. History of political influence and urban/regional development: the Erie Canal, South Boston, urban rail and highway development. Example of urban air pollution and U.S. metropolitan system relationships. Suburban explosion, the automobile, and air pollution. Any spoke of a wheel will lead an ant to the hub: the system of U.S. metropolitan interrelations between sprawl, core-city decay, and the competitiveness of the metropolitan industrial and business base. Scenario planning, strategic intent, and initial challenge. Formation of political coalitions. Key issue: which aspects of the U.S. experience are transferable to countries abroad, especially in the light of the rapid worldwide expansion of U.S. culture? Parallels and contrasts with selected world cities: Berlin, Jerusalem, Shanghai, Mexico City.

3 A paradigmatic case of development planning: Mexico and its urban centers. The three major urban centers in relation to the smaller port cities in the setting of an emerging economy. Sharply differing urban roles of Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara: orientation to government versus traditional or more modern types of business. Historical development; key division: inside the modern sphere or not. Migration; "maquiladora" industries. Petroleum and regional development: comparison with Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. Issues in the North American Free Trade Area negotiations. Continental location and positive feedback. The role of political forces; petroleum, petrochemicals, and natural gas.

Three key principles: raising productivity; broadening the middle class; taming the market with minimal rigidity. Implementation through strategic intent. Application to Mexico and other Third World areas. How these principles apply to the U.S. and other industrially developed countries.

4 Brief survey of mainstream and critical development theories and models: how well do they handle issues of development in a rapidly urbanizing world? Economists' standard models of resource accumulation, equilibrium, trade, and growth. Macrosociological models of institution building: differentiation, integration, linkage. Revisionist models of positive feedback and disequilibrium (Myrdal, Kruger) and innovation (Schumpeter). Critical models: disembedding of the economy (Polanyi), dependency and related theories (Gunder Frank, Samir Amin, Wallerstein). Marx's comprehensive analysis of historical change, centered on the mode of production: how valid is it to-day? Summary: four issues that the disembedded global market fails to handle: stability of capital flows, acceptable income distribution, acceptable environmental performance, and rational urban form to make possible a high quality of life.

# Vietorisz (1973) Industrial Development Consultancy and Choice of Technology. Unpublished OECD report. Integrating theoretical perspectives in planning, on development as accumulation, macrosocial change, and historical transformation.

# Vietorisz (1959) Urbanization And Economic Development. Santiago, Chile, United Nations, Seminar on Urbanization in Latin America, E/CN.12/URB/24. An early discussion of positive feedback systems in a non-equilibtium approach to economic development, following Myrdal.

# Vietorisz (1974) "Economic Policy Design: Principles and Urban Applications." Eastern Economic Journal, 66-85. A critical view of standard economic approaches.

5 Increasing productivity, broadening the middle class, and taming the market. Productivity, output, and price level. The productivity ladder. Savings and capital accumulation. Three kinds of capital: preview. Resource substitution via the foreign sector: exports, import substitution. The institutional base supporting development; civil society; institutional shells vs. genuinely modern institutions.

Productivity increase paradigms: U.S., Japan, Germany, France. Polarization of productivity between high-tech (finance, silicon alley) and quasi-third-word (poverty) areas in New York. Germany before and after unification; meso-economics; urban heritage of capitals of independent principalities; industrialization and the urban network of the Ruhr region; the partial re-emergence of Berlin. Major structural change and institutions in post-war Japan; rural to urban migration; real-estate prices, housing, transport, and planning. Regional divides in France; the logic of Paris and other large cities in different regions; immigration problems.

Poverty, education, and income distribution. The urban middle-class as the basis of expanding education. U.S. core-city problems, race, and lack of systemic attacks on poverty. Development aimed at raising the standard of living in two different cultural settings: West Germany, Japan. Social policy and income distribution in the Netherlands and Sweden. The interconnected network of large (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague) and secondary cities in the Netherlands. Stockholm and other middle-class cities in Sweden.

The world market, distribution, and the Korean, Indonesian, and Russian crises: from rapid development to collapse. Contrast between Japan and Korea. Socially safeguarded markets: social safety nets vs. flexibility.

Optional: Izumi Ohno (1996) Beyond the "East Asian Miracle": An Asian View. New York, United Nations, UNDP/ODS No. 5.

6 Dimensions of power: development and modes of production. Region and urban center. Spatial metaphors for representing time. World evolution, biological evolution, cultural evolution. Human origins on the time line; language and concepts as an independent evolutionary level. Hunting, fishing, and gathering societies, egalitarian and hierarchical village agricultural societies, tribe to empire.

Social and material preconditions of production. Structure and dynamics of Asiatic, antique, feudal, capitalist, and socialist modes. City vs. rural hinterland: under different modes of production: village community vs. urban surplus center (Asiatic); armed farmer residing in town (antique); rural-urban contradiction (feudal); rural base of urban industrialization (capitalist). Contradiction and change. Historical evolution of class relations. Cultural complementation of mode of production analysis. Role of cities as centers of cultural changes.

7 Interaction of agricultural and urban development in Western Europe, Russia, and the Third World; problems of the lowest levels of development. The role of the family farm in Western Europe in creating domestic markets. Key role of planning in the balancing of agricultural development, rural-urban migration, and urban industrial development that both requires and absorbs migrants. The development of capitalism in Russia. Colonialism and famines in India. Agricultural and urban development in Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Zimbabwe.

Guatemala City. Lessons of a World Bank earthquake relief and housing mission. Rush into the modern world and rise on the banks of the central sewage canal. Those who were hardest hit by the hurricane Mitch.

Guinea-Bissau: The anti-colonial struggle; the identity crisis of the colonial elites; military organization and development of a national language. What holds together a multi-tribal aggregate? Class versus nationalism. Plantation development, displacement of subsistence agriculture; displacement of rural crafts by early urban industries; migration forces from countryside to city. Bissau: the patronage city.

Somalia: a nomadically based society. The role of the clans, their suppression, and the state. Nomadism versus agriculture; expatriate labor and sedentarization. State logic vs. tribal logic in the urbanbization process; the economic base of Mogadishu.

8 From multinationals and branch plant industrialization to the global information economy: planning implications of power. Puerto Rico as an early paradigm of branch plant industrialization. Change from planning to market forces; early branch-plant development in a world of multinationals and its later results; changing role of San Juan from the Spanish to the American to the early and late Commonwealth period.. "Maquiladoras" versus domestic-market oriented industrialization in Puerto Rico and in Mexico; economic and social consequences. Is there an option other than branch plant industrialization in the metropolitan areas of the poorest countries? Parallels with recent low-level urban industrial growth in the U.S., especially in the greater Los Angeles area. Resistance of vested interests to rational democratic planning in the U.S. and abroad; dimensions of disinformation and empowerment.