ࡱ> s ?jbjb kk5]lY$(,}qL~ ~ ~ ~ F~ ~ d ^$1. The following graph shows the annual variation in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration as recorded at the Mauna Loa observatory (Hawaii). To reduce the steady increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, it would be least advisable to recommend limiting. use of natural gas as fuel rather than coal or petroleum. use of nuclear or solar energy instead of fossil rules for electricity generation. use of automobiles. production of beef. rates of deforestation.  2. Consider the following molecules: a) H2C=CH2 ethene (ethylene) b) HC=CH ethyne (acetylene) c) CH3HC=CH2 propene (propylene) d) CH3C=CH propyne (methyl acetylene) Which have no C-to-C multiple bond infrared stretching frequencies (bands)? 1) (a) and( c) 2) (b) and (d) 3) (a) and (b) 4) (c) and (d) 5) all have multiple bond infrared stretching frequencies 3. Select the best answer(s) as indicated. As a general rule, bond strengths (increase, decrease) with increasing multiplicity as you move from C-to-C single, to double, then to triple bonds. And as the masses of the halogen (X) atoms in monohalomethanes (CH3-X) increases from monofluoro-, to monochloro-, then to monobromomethane, the stretching frequencies (increase, decrease). 1) increase, decrease 2) decrease, increase 3) decrease, decrease 4) increase, increase 5) Bond strength and atom masses have nothing to do with frequencies. 4. The United Nations predicts an increase due to anthropogenic industrial activity of thermal waste on the order of 5% over the new century. Thermal waste is another way of saying that not all the solar input is eventually reradiated away from the earth-atmosphere system. That is, over the next hundred years, the heart content of the earth-atmosphere system might be increased by 5%. If that turns out to be true, then the ambient earth-atmosphere temperature might be expected to increase from the current value of 257K by. 0.1 degree 1 degree 2 degrees 5 degrees 10 degrees 5. ORDER OF FREQUENCIES>>>>>> 9. The effective radiative blackbody temperature of the mean earth-atmosphere system  lightbulb earth. That is, lmax is centered at about 11 microns. Calculate the wavelength in nanometers and the wavenumber in reciprocal centimeters corresponding to lmax. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Consider the N-to-N and C-to-C stretching frequencies in the F2N2 and N2C2 molecules (respectively) and select the best answer from the list below: 1) Both are infrared active 2) Neither is infrared active 3) F2N2 is but N2C2 is not 4) N2C2 is but F2N2 is not They are degenerate modes THE NEXT THREE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE DATA SUPPLIED IN THE FOLLOWING PHASE DIAGRAM FOR WATER. Note that the pressure and temperature scales are not continuous - the scales change. Note also Tc = 374C and Pc = 218 atm.  7. The phase changes occurring from point A to 800 torr upon compression of H2O at constant temperature are progressively .... (1) solid to liquid to gas (2) gas to liquid to solid (3) gas to solid to liquid (4) solid to liquid to solid (5) liquid to solid to gas 8. The phase changes occurring on heating from point D to point E at constant pressure are progressively... (1) liquid to gas (2) solid to liquid (3) solid to gas (4) liquid to solid (5) gas to liquid 9. Consider the ideal solution suggested by the segment FG (in the diagram on the preceding page). Determine the number of moles of water present for each mole of solute: 1:1 (2) 1:9 (3) 9:1 (4) 9:10 (5) 10:9 10. Select the statement from among the following that is most nearly correct: 1) A sufficient reduction in temperature can bring about the condensation of any gas to the liquid state, regardless of the pressure (unless the pressure is unreasonably small). 2) A sufficient increase in pressure cannot bring about the condensation of any gas to the liquid state, regardless of the temperature. 3) As T approaches Tc, DHvap approaches zero. As T approaches Tc, surface tension approaches zero. All of the above are essentially true. 11. The critical conditions for ammonia and chlorine are, respectively, 132C and 112 atm, and 144C and 76 atm. At 144C and 76 atm.... (1) only chlorine can be liquified. (2) only ammonia can be liquified. (3) chlorine and ammonia can both be liquified. (4) neither chlorine nor ammonia can be liquified. 12. Assuming ideal behavior, what is the vapor pressure of a solution of 16.0 mol of chloroform and 4.00 mol of dioxane at 23 C? Vapor Pressures at 23 C chloroform 100. torr dioxane 38.0 torr (1) 50.4 torr (2) 62.8 torr (3) 74.2 torr (4) 87.6 torr (5) 138. torr 13. Which of the equations below can be used to calculate the molality m of a solution (where g represents weight in grams of indicated species, M refers tothe molecular weight of the species, and the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to solvent and solute, respectively: (1)  EQ \f(g2 1000,M2g1)  (2)  EQ \f(n2 1000,g1)  (3)  EQ \f(n2 1000,n1 M1)  (4) all of the above (5) none of the above 14. Polyvinyl chloride is a polymer used in applications as diverse as outdoor plumbing and shower curtains. When 4.0 g of a polyvinvyl chloride was dissolved in 1 L of dioxane, the osmotic pressure at 25C was measured to be 0.494 torr. Therefore the molecular weight of the polymer must be..... (1) 2.65 X 10-5 g/mol (2) 4.53 X 101 g/mol (3) 1.81 X 102 g/mol (4) 1.98 X 102 g/mol (5) 1.50 X 105 g/mol 15. This device, an inverted "thistle tube across which a semipermeable membrane has been stretched, can be used to measure osmotic pressure. It is initially filled with fresh water and set in a beaker containing a saturated salt solution so that the height of the liquid stands a distance h above the surface level of the surrounding solution. At equilibrium......  (1) h will be greater than the initial value. (2) h will be the same as the initial value. (3) h will be zero. (4) h will be less than the initial value. 16. The substance which has the highest boiling point is....... (A) CH4 (B) CO2 (C) HF (D) Cl2 (E) N2 17. A pure substance, above its melting point, is in a high pressure cylinder. Upon opening a valve on the cylinder a gas escapes. A pressure gauge on the cylinder shows a pressure of 56.5 atm. at 20 C before opening the valve. After removing 10 ft3 of the gas, measured at standard conditions, the pressure in the cylinder reads 56.5 atm at 20 C. The pressure gauge is in good working order. Which best explains these observations? (A) The cylinder and contents will weigh the same before and after opening the valve. (B) The substance in the cylinder is in the gaseous state. (C) The substance in the cylinder is mostly in the liquid state. (D) The substance in the cylinder has diatomic molecules when in the gaseous state. (E) The substance in the cylinder is oxygen. 18. The mole fraction of water in 200. g of 95% (by mass) ethanol, C2H5OH, is..... (A) 0.050 (B) 0.12 (C) 0.56 (D) 0.88 (E) 1.00 19. A cellophane bag, which acts as a membrane permeable only to water, contains a 2 M sugar solution. When immersed in a 1 M sugar solution...... (A) the bag will soon contain more solution that will be more concentrated than 2 M. (B) the bag will soon contain more solution that will be less concentrated than 2 M. (C) the bag will lose sugar and the solution in it will become less concentrated. (D) the bag will lose water and the solution in it will become more concentrated. (E) there will be no change. 20. The likely formula for a completely ionized salt if an aqueous 0.10 M solution of that salt has a freezing point of 0.74 C is........ Kf for water = 1.86 Cm1 (A) MX (B) M2X (C) M2X3 (D) MX3 (E) MX2 21. A 2.00-g sample of a non-electrolyte is dissolved in 100 g H2O. If the resulting solution freezes at 0.186 C, what is the molar mass of the compound? Kf for water = 1.86 Cm1 (A) 18 (B) 18.6 (C) 20.0 (D) 186 (E) 200 22. A propose method for desalinating sea water is to submerge a long tube, its bottom clsoed by a semipermeable membrane, to a depth such that the hydrostatic pressure overbalances the osmotic pressure and forces pure water through the membrane. Taking a model for sea water to be an 0.50 M aqueous solution of NaCl at 17C, what is the pressure at which this process will begin? Remember that P = cRT and R = 0/08205 L atm/mol/deg (A) 1.4 atm (B) 6.0 atm (C) 12 atm (D) 24 atm (E) 48 atm 23. The dunking bird is a most popular toy. As long as it keeps getting its head wet, it continues to bob up and down. What makes it go is.... (A) Osmotic pressure (B) Hydrostatic pressure (C) Vapor pressure (D) Atmospheric pressure Peer group pressure 24. With respect to the temperature-dependence of viscosity and surface tension: 1) Both are. 2) Neither is. 3) Only viscosity is 4) Only surface tension is 25. A prune thats a (politically correct) dried plum, a cucumber, and a raw egg from which the shell has been carefully removed (leaving the membrane in tact), are placed in the same salt solution, in separate beakers. The prune swelled, the cucumber shriveled, and not much semed to happen to the egg. On that basis, you might best conclude the relative concentration of the solutions that constitute the cellular fluids of these common food items is...... (A) prune < cucumber < egg (B) prune < egg < cucumber (C) egg < prune < cucumber (D) egg < cucumber < prune (E) cucumber < egg < prune 26. ANOTHER DEMO QUESTION; The BC-type (CO2) fire extinguisher produces 39. The van der Waals equation of state incorporates which two effects neglected in the ideal gas law? (1) The effect of symmetry on infrared absorption and the fraction of the total volume taken by other molecules. (2) The fraction of molecules photodissociated in normal light and the existence of weak attractive forces in collisions. (3) The fraction of molecules photodissociated in normal light and the effect of symmetry on infrared absorption. (4) The fraction of the total volume occupied by molecules and the effect of weak attractive forces in collisions. (5) The fact that there is a distribution of speeds about the average speed and the weak effect of infrared absorption in heating the gas. James Black, the Scottish chemist (1728-1799), described his results on mixing water and mercury in the following way: " Here it is manifest that the quantity of heat which makes 2 volumes of water warmer by, say, 25 degrees is sufficient to make 3 volumes of quicksilver warmer by the same number of degrees. Quicksilver, therefore, has less capacity for heat (if I may be allowed to use this expression) than water.... 8. Applications of Chemistry. The "Snow Tube" Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher... and Making Artificial Snow. Here is an illustration of the first law of thermodynamics in action. The BC-type carbon dioxide fire extinguishers commonly in use in chemical laboratories typically are charged with several liters of liquid carbon dioxide under very high pressure. If you shake an extinguisher that is fully charged, you can literally hear and feel the liquid sloshing around inside. When the safety pin is pulled and the triggering device is squeezed, the carbon dioxide is released and rapidly expanded to atmospheric pressure in the megaphone-shaped "snow tube" where the greater part rapidly vaporizes. Because of the huge difference in pressure between the system - the contents of the extinguisher - and the surroundings - the atmosphere into which the carbon dioxide is ejected - the response is instantaneous and we can reasonably assume that there is no heat exchanged between system and surroundings. There simply isn't time for heat to flow. Therefore q is zero, DE is equal to w, and the sign of w is negative because the system is doing work on the surroundings. The net result is therefore a decrease in the energy of the system. Now we also assume that for an ideal gas E is proportional to the absolute temperature T and so DE is proportional to DT. Because DE is negative, DT must also be negative. It is just this very cooling effect due to the negative DT that results in some of the carbon dioxide (about 30%) being cooled to -78C, at which temperature it turns solid at atmospheric pressure. This "snow" of solid carbon dioxide is directed at the base of the fire where it serves to displace the oxygen needed to support combustion, suffocating the fire, and in many cases, lowers the temperature of the burning material to below its ignition temperature. Interestingly, this same principle serves to explain how the snow-making equipment that has revolutionized the ski resort and winter vacation industry works, freeing the people who depend on snow-covered slopes for their livelihood from the vagaries and uncertainties of the weather. As long as the atmospheric temperature is around the freezing point of water, a mixture of compressed air and water sprayed into the atmosphere results in the production of something akin to snow. 9. 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