Risk Assessment
Definition of Risk
Assessment
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A scientific process of evaluating the
adverse effects caused by a substance, activity, lifestyle, or natural
phenomenon. |
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Characterized by uncertainty |
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Establishes a range of probability |
Definition of Risk Factor
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Risk Factors increase the probability
of disease, injury, or death. |
Healthy People
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Disease prevention and health promotion
instead of only finding the cure |
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(since 1979) |
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Studying the risk factors for getting a
disease became increasingly important. |
Types of Disease
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Communicable (infectious) |
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Non-communicable |
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Acute |
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Chronic |
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Examples of Risk Factors
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Obesity |
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Alcoholism |
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Poverty |
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No helmet |
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Tobacco use |
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Environment |
Establishing Risk Factors
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How do we know |
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what the risk factors are? |
Analytical Studies
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Retrospective |
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Case |
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Control |
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Prospective |
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Cohort |
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Considerations of Risk
Assessment
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Culture |
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Religion |
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Age |
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Socioeconomics |
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Environment |
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Physical Biology |
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Behavior/attitude |
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Resources |
Resource Theory
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Define the resource reservoir |
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Pathways to obtain resources? |
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Status to obtain resources? |
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Recognize the lack of resources |
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Women’s HIV prevention example |
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Risk Vs Resource
Need Vs Strength
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Needs should be prioritized using the
availability of resources. |
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“Giving people medicine for TB and not
giving them food is like washing your hands and drying them in the dirt.” |
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“You want to stop HIV in women? Give them jobs.” |
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Resources can be determined by
“mapping” a community. |
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“Ownership” is crucial
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There is no point in intervening if the
community does not feel that they own the problem! |
Prevention Marketing Theory
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Step 1: Communitywide risk assessment |
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Who is doing what, with whom, where,
when, how and how often |
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Step 2: Social Marketing |
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Commercial marketing principles and
techniques achieve socially beneficial
goals (Kotler & Zaltman, 1971) |
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Examples of Prevention
Marketing
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Adolescents: “Brain on Drugs” |
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Children and Adolescents: Vaccines |
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All ages: Santa Claus eating cheese |
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All ages: “Got Milk” |
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Children and Parents: Bill Cosby |
National Reports
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Monthly Vital Statistics |
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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
(MMWR) |
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Includes outbreaks, environmental
hazards |
Exemplary Tools of Risk
Assessment
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Individual |
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Community/population |
Examples of Risk Assessment
on the Web
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Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention www.yourcancerrisk.harvard.edu |
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Breast, Prostate, Lung, Colon, etc. |
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National Institutes of Health |
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www.nih.gov |
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10 year risk of heart attack |
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Memorial Slone Kettering Cancer Center |
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www.mskcc.org |
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Lung cancer, etc. |
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Classifying BMI
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Underweight |
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BMI < 5th percentile |
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Healthy weight |
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5th > BMI < 85th
percentile |
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At Risk of Being Overweight |
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85th > BMI > 95th
percentile |
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Overweight |
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BMI > 95th percentile |
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Comorbidity!
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One risk factor is never enough |
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A good Risk Assessment identifies all
the risks! |
National Health Surveys
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National Health Care Survey |
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Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System |
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Your Risk Behavior Surveillance System |
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National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey |
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National Minority Substance Abuse and
HIV Prevention Initiatives Survey [SAMHSA] |
In Conclusion
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Nurses don’t necessarily need to know |
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The cure |
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The causative agent |
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But we can’t prevent the disease from
occurring without knowing the RISK |
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