"A Brief overview of Vector-Borne..."

A Brief overview of Vector-Borne IIlness

N5290 The Science of Nursing in the Community

Jill Gallin, CPNP

Assistant Professor of Clinical Nursing

Columbia University

Clinical manifestations of Shistosomiasis

Severe enlargement of liver and spleen

Intestinal involvement

Abdominal pain

Bloody diarrhoea

fatigue

Shells of various snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis

The life cycle of schistosome parasites

Distribution of lymphatic filariasis
in Africa and the Americas

Distribution of lymphatic filariasis in Asia

Clinical Manifestations of Lymphatic Filariasis

Elephantiasis- hyprtrophy, edema and fibrosis esp. in lower extremeties

Vector breeds in organically polluted water

Distribution of onchocerciasis in Africa

Distribution of onchocerciasis in the Americas

Clinical Manifestations of onchocerciasis
(River Blindness)

Long term exposure to infected black fly bites causes blindness

Affects river valley communities

A victim of river blindness (onchocerciasis)

Aerial view of an abandoned village in an area affected by onchocerciasis in West Africa

Blackfly, feeding

Distribution of old world and new world
visceral leishmaniasis

Visceral leishmaniases: Kalazar

Parasite affects the internal organs and the disease is likely to be fatal

Arid, warm environment

Zoonosis: human disease with animal reservior, sandflies become infected by rodents and dogs.

Distribution of cutaneous and muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis In the New World

Distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to
L. tropica and L.aethiopica in the Old World

Oriental sore (cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Eastern Mediterranean)

Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Oriental sore, Aleppo button, Baghdad boil, Delhi sore, espundia, papalmoyo, pian bois

Lesions frequently on face

Zoonosis: human disease with animal reservior, sandflies become infected by rodents, dogs, monkeys.

A case of cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Oriental sore (cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Eastern Mediterranean)

Sandfly, feeding

Slide 29

Anopheles gambiae, feeding

Global distribution of Malaria

Number of cases of Malaria reported by WHO

Clinical Manifestations of Malaria

Fever

Headache

Liver and spleen enlargement

Anemia

Cerebral malaria can be fatal in 24 hours

Girl suffering from malaria in Gambia

Distribution of yellow fever in Africa

Distribution of Yellow Fever in the Americas

Dengue Fever

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Severe, potentially fatal infection that occurs when someone with immunity to one type of Dengue virus is infected by a different type. It is spread by certain mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) that bite primarily during the day.

Worldwide, more than 100 million cases of dengue fever occur every year. A small percent of these develop into Dengue hemorrhagic fever. Most cases in the U.S. are brought in from other countries.

Risk factors for Dengue hemorrhagic fever include having antibodies to dengue virus from prior infection and being younger than 12, female, or Caucasian.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Early symptoms of Dengue hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of Dengue fever.

After several days the patient becomes irritable, restless, and sweaty. These symptoms are followed by a shock-like state.

Bleeding may appear as petechiae and ecchymoses.

Shock may cause death. If the patient survives, recovery begins after a one-day crisis period.

Dengue Treatment

Because Dengue hemorrhagic fever is caused by a virus for which there is no known cure or vaccine, the only treatment is to treat the symptoms.

Rehydration with intravenous (IV) fluids is often necessary to treat dehydration.

IV fluids and electrolytes are also used to correct electrolyte imbalances.

A transfusion of fresh blood or platelets can correct bleeding problems.

Oxygen therapy may be needed to treat abnormally low blood oxygen.

Chagas Disease

insect-transmitted parasitic disease common in South and Central America

Spread by reduvid bugs

One of the major health problems in South America, where 20 million people are infected. Due to immigration, approximately 500,000 people in the United States are believed to be infected.

Chagas Disease

Acute Phase

swelling and reddening at the site of infection

fever, malaise, and generalized swelling of the lymph nodes.

The liver and spleen may become enlarged

Chronic Phase

cardiac disease (cardiomyopathy)

digestive abnormalities.

Patients may develop congestive heart failure.

Chagas Disease Treatment

The acute phase should be treated. Benznidazole has been shown to be effective. Experimental treatment may include nifurtimox.

Treating the chronic phase with antibiotics is not helpful. Instead, the symptoms of heart and intestinal disease should be treated.

Chagas Disease

Bibliography

World Health Organization 1996, http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/agridev/ch6.htm

Agricultural University Wageningen, Netherlands
I, A.3, A.4, A.6, A.15, A.16, A.23
World Health Organization
A.1, A.2, A.5, A.7, A.9, A.10, A.11, A.12, A.13, A.14, A.17, A.18, A.19, A.20, A.21, A.22, A.24, A.25, A.26, A.27. A.28
Dr Steven Lindsay, Durham University, UK A.8


	A Brief overview of Vector-Borne IIlness

	N5290 The Science of Nursing in the Community

	Jill Gallin, CPNP
	Assistant Professor of Clinical Nursing
	Columbia University


	Severe enlargement of liver and spleen
	Intestinal involvement
		Abdominal pain
		Bloody diarrhoea
		fatigue




	Elephantiasis- hyprtrophy, edema and fibrosis esp. in lower extremeties
	Vector breeds in organically polluted water



	Long term exposure to infected black fly bites causes blindness
	Affects river valley communities


	Parasite affects the internal organs and the disease is likely to be fatal

	Arid, warm environment

	Zoonosis: human disease with animal reservior, sandflies become infected by rodents and dogs.


	Oriental sore, Aleppo button, Baghdad boil, Delhi sore, espundia, papalmoyo, pian bois

	Lesions frequently on face

	Zoonosis: human disease with animal reservior, sandflies become infected by rodents, dogs, monkeys.


	Fever
	Headache
	Liver and spleen enlargement
	Anemia
	Cerebral malaria can be fatal in 24 hours


	Severe, potentially fatal infection that occurs when someone with immunity to one type of Dengue virus is infected by a different type. It is spread by certain mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) that bite primarily during the day.

	Worldwide, more than 100 million cases of dengue fever occur every year. A small percent of these develop into Dengue hemorrhagic fever. Most cases in the U.S. are brought in from other countries.

	Risk factors for Dengue hemorrhagic fever include having antibodies to dengue virus from prior infection and being younger than 12, female, or Caucasian.


	Early symptoms of Dengue hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of Dengue fever.

	After several days the patient becomes irritable, restless, and sweaty. These symptoms are followed by a shock-like state.

	Bleeding may appear as petechiae and ecchymoses.

	Shock may cause death. If the patient survives, recovery begins after a one-day crisis period.


	Because Dengue hemorrhagic fever is caused by a virus for which there is no known cure or vaccine, the only treatment is to treat the symptoms.

	Rehydration with intravenous (IV) fluids is often necessary to treat dehydration.

	IV fluids and electrolytes are also used to correct electrolyte imbalances.

	A transfusion of fresh blood or platelets can correct bleeding problems.

	Oxygen therapy may be needed to treat abnormally low blood oxygen.


	insect-transmitted parasitic disease common in South and Central America
	Spread by reduvid bugs
	One of the major health problems in South America, where 20 million people are infected. Due to immigration, approximately 500,000 people in the United States are believed to be infected.


	Acute Phase
		swelling and reddening at the site of infection
		fever, malaise, and generalized swelling of the lymph nodes.
		The liver and spleen may become enlarged

	Chronic Phase
		cardiac disease (cardiomyopathy)
		digestive abnormalities.
		Patients may develop congestive heart failure.


	The acute phase should be treated. Benznidazole has been shown to be effective. Experimental treatment may include nifurtimox.

	Treating the chronic phase with antibiotics is not helpful. Instead, the symptoms of heart and intestinal disease should be treated.



	World Health Organization 1996, http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/agridev/ch6.htm
	Agricultural University Wageningen, Netherlands I, A.3, A.4, A.6, A.15, A.16, A.23 World Health Organization A.1, A.2, A.5, A.7, A.9, A.10, A.11, A.12, A.13, A.14, A.17, A.18, A.19, A.20, A.21, A.22, A.24, A.25, A.26, A.27. A.28 Dr Steven Lindsay, Durham University, UK A.8