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Pre-school responses to the 19th Century Youth Crisis

Problems of 19th Century urban youth were the precondition for “inventing” modern adolescence in America & the rise of secondary schooling

1830s and 1840s: growth of urban slums

 Street Gangs
“…by the end of the 19th Century, juvenile gangs controlled many of the streets of Baltimore, Boston, Newark, and New Orleans.  A torrent of youth criminality was sweeping the land”.

By early 1900s:

	“disregard for law is fast becoming an American characteristic”
	“the shame of the cities”

Child-saving movement

	Sunday schools
	charitable organizations
	“orphan trains”
	Boys Town
	YMCA & Boys Clubs
	scouting
	parks & playgrounds movement

Rise of the American H.S.

	In 1900, less than 8% graduated h.s.
	in 1920, 1/3 of 14-16 year olds in h.s.
	after Depression h.s. becomes focal point of teenager’s lives

“In secondary schools, the years separating physical maturation and full adult capacity for dealing with the world would now be isolated, and youth would now be temporarily removed from the rough and tumble of life.”

Adolescent Physical & Psychosocial Development

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Puberty is a process leading to physical and sexual maturation that involves development of secondary sexual characteristics as well as growth and changes in body composition

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Tanner Staging

Milestones

	growth spurt earlier than boys
	breast development
	pubic hair
	menarche
	growth spurt
	testicles & penis grow
	pubic hair
	facial hair
	spermarche

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Logic of Adolescence in Contemporary Society

	age segregation & erosion of adult protection
	rolelessness & loss of purpose
	pseudomaturity & heightened risk

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Independence

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