Emerging Infections

The Earth At Night

Public Awareness of Emerging Infections

Emerging And Re-emerging Infectious Agents
A. Viruses
SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)
West Nile
Influenza
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Hantavirus
Ebola
B. Bacteria and rickettsiae
Plague
E. coli 0157
Rickettsial pox (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)
Cholera
c. Protozoa
Malaria
Cryptosporidium parvum
Trypanosomiasis (African)
Leishmaniasis

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Medical Ecology Of Infectious Diseases

Environmental Disturbance Leads To Emergence Or Establishment Of Infectious Agents

Dam building
Traditional Agriculture
Urbanization
De-forestation
Irrigation
Political unrest and open warfare
Natural disasters and unusual weather patterns

The Ecotone*

The Ecotone And Infectious Diseases
Viruses:
West Nile
Rabies
Yellow Fever
Lassa Fever
Ebola
Hanta
Influenza
Bacteria:
Cholera
Lyme Disease
Protozoa:
Malaria
Trypanosomiasis
Helminths:
Schistosomiasis

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Culex pipiens:
The Major Vector For Birds And Humans

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Environmental Disturbance Leads To Emergence Or Establishment Of Infectious Agents
Dam building:

There are currently over 800,000 dams throughout the world,
with 75,000 within the USA.

Diseases (mostly tropical) associated with dams:

1. Schistosomiasis

2. Malaria

3. River blindness (Onchocerciasis)

Schistosomiasis In Africa

Schistosomiasis Was Prevalent Among
Ancient Egyptians And Still Is Today

Lake Nasser and the Aswan High Dam in Egypt

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The Three Gorges Dam Project In China Will Lead To A Dramatic Increase In The Incidence Of Schistosomiasis

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Environmental Disturbance Leads To Emergence Or Establishment Of Infectious Agents

Irrigation:

1. Schistosomiasis

2. Malaria*

3. Filariasis*

Environmental Disturbance Leads To Emergence Or Establishment Of Infectious Agents

Traditional Agriculture:
Geohelminths - Hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris

Environmental Disturbance Leads To Emergence Or Establishment Of Infectious Agents
Urbanization: (encroachment into natural systems)
Rabies
Upper respiratory viruses
Lyme Disease
Arboviruses
Ebola, Lassa, Hanta
Plague

Urbanization: Atlanta 1983

Urbanization: Atlanta 1997

Lyme Disease Maintenance:
Urbanization and De-forestation

Westchester County, NY

Environmental Disturbance Leads To Emergence Or Establishment Of Infectious Agents

De-forestation:

Leishmaniasis




Trypanosomiasis

Environmental Disturbance Leads To Emergence Or Establishment Of Infectious Agents

Political unrest and warfare:

Malaria
African Tyrpanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
Tuberculosis

Environmental Disturbance Leads To Emergence Or Establishment Of Infectious Agents

Natural disasters and unusual weather patterns:




Hanta
Plague
West Nile
Schistosomiasis

Plague In The USA