Environmental Degradation
Energy Utilization
Klaus S. Lackner
Columbia University
New York, NY
September 2003

Energy Sources
Biomass – Firewood
Draft animals
Wind/water – mills
Solar – heat and photovoltaic
Fossil carbon – coal, oil, gas, tar & shale
Nuclear Energy
Fusion

Energy Uses
Heat
cooking, metallurgy, chemical products – fertilizers to plastics
Mechanical energy
Transportation, manufacturing, agriculture
Cooling
Desalination
Cleanup

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Energy consumption and wealth

Pollution Issues

Pollution Issues II

Fossil Energy Is Vital to the World Economy

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Hydrogen economy cannot run on electricity
There are no hydrogen wells

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Net Carbonation Reaction for Serpentine

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Rockville Quarry

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Sustainable Development
1 – 2 billion without any electricity

The Fossil Carbon Pie

The Fossil Carbon Pie