Lecture 3
How does RNA fit in; its
complementary to DNA
How do we know DNA makes
RNA
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Defining a gene
Within a bacterial gene, the information for a protein is found in a continuous
sequence, Beginning with ATG and ending with a STOP codon
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How we understand how genes
work
Jacob and Monod made many
mutants that could not live on lactose
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Lac Operon
Negative regulation
Lac on
Influence of glucose
(positive regulation)
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How do we access a specific
packet of information (a gene) within the entire genome?
How does RNA Polymerase
work?
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How do we know where to
start transcription?
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Eukaryotic promoters are
more complex. The basal promoter refers
to those sequences just upstream of the gene
How do we know that these
are important regions of the promoter?
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Eukaryotic Promoter
First a complex of proteins
assemble at the TATA box including RNA polymerase II. This is the initiation step of transcription.
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Regulation of transcription
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Regulation of promoter
region
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Globin gene complex
Adding a 5’ cap
Termination and
polyadenylation
Pre-mRNA has introns
The splicing complex
recognizes semiconserved sequences
Introns are removed by a
process called splicing
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snRNPs in splicing
Complexity of genes
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For other genes splicing is
much more complex
Alternative RNA splicing
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Proteins and Enzymes
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Properties of Amino Acids
Alaphatic amino acids
only carbon and hydrogen in side group
Aromatic Amino Acids
Amino acids with C-beta
branching
Charged Amino Acids
Polar amino acids
Somewhat polar amino acids
Amino acids overlap in
properties
How to think about amino
acids
Tyrosine
Cysteine
Cystine andGlutathione
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The peptide bond
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Lock and key
Specific interactions at
active site
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