What Is A Species?*

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How Many Species of Dogs And Cats Are There?

One!

Two Species Or One?

Study: Human DNA Neanderthal-Free
By Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News


Cro-Magnon vs. Neanderthal


May 12, 2003 — Neanderthals did not contribute to the gene pool of modern humans, according to a recent study that compared the DNA of two ancient Cro-Magnons with that of four Neanderthals.

While Neanderthals and early humans coexisted in Europe for a few thousand years 40,000 years ago, the findings suggest they did not interbreed, an action that would have made Neanderthals a direct ancestor of modern humans.

The study also supports the "Out of Africa" theory. According to this view, modern humans evolved in East Africa and then spread into Europe and Asia through the Middle East.

Species Define each System

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The Galapagos Islands

Genetic Relationships Among Darwin’s Finches
 Beak Size and Shape

Evolution of Darwin’s Finches

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The Concept Of Niche*

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There Can Be No Ecosystems Without Plant-Animal Interactions

It Takes Two To Tango

General Scheme For Most Life On Earth

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from Odum, Fundamentals of  Ecology Saunders, Pubs.1971

from Odum, Fundamentals of  Ecology, Saunders, Pubs. 1971

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An Early Food Web

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Trophic Levels And Energy Flow

Trophic Relationships