Notes

Outline

Remote Sensing and Infectious Diseases

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WHAT YOU CAN LEARN FROM SENSORS ON SPACECRAFT THAT LOOK INWARD AT THE EARTH

Satellites That Look At Earth

Satellites Monitor: Urbanization* Cloud cover Rainfall* Temperature (ocean and land masses)* Total Stratospheric Ozone Surface Ozone Vegetation types* Land and sea height Artificial radiance (electric lights, etc.) Magnetic fields Sea surface wind speeds Air quality* Lightning strikes                                    *Important factors influencing the distribution of infectious agents

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CHAART (Center for Health Applications of Aerospace Related technologies)

PREDICTING THE RISKS OF MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES FROM LAND-USE CHANGE (Northwestern Thailand)

Many Infectious Diseases Are Transmitted At the Ecotone

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Lyme Disease And Remote Sensing

Lyme Disease Maintenance: Urbanization and De-forestation

Westchester County, NY*

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Lyme Disease In Westchester County, NY

Cholera and Remote Sensing

The First Cholera Outbreak

Second Cholera Outbreak London, 1832

John Snow and Cholera

New Cholera Outbreaks Occur In Communities Adjacent To Estuaries.*                  WHY?

In Vitro Growth Requirements For Vibrio cholerae:

Vibrio cholerae and its relatives are marine microbes fully integrated into estuarine food webs.

Environmental Conditions Favoring Growth Of Vibrio: 1. Low salinity of estuary 2. Nutrient-loading of estuary 3. 20o C

Zooplankton Blooms are Associated With Outbreaks Of Cholera In India

Monsoon “Wedding”

Monsoons: 1. lower the salinity of the estuary 2. bring nutrients to the estuary 3. raise the ambient water temperature of the estuary

Cholera

Phytoplankton Bloom

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Figure 2. Datasets used to model the temporal patterns of cholera outbreaks in Bangladesh. a) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite image showing the mouth of the Ganges River and the Bay of Bengal. Vegetation is shown in shades of red and water in shades of blue. The spatial resolution of these data is 1.1 km. b) Sea surface temperature data, derived from AVHRR thermal bands. Temperatures range from low (purple) to high (red). c) Sea surface height data, derived from TOPEX/Poseidon satellite data. The spatial resolution of these data is 1 degree. d) Image derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) showing chlorophyll concentration, ranging from low (blue) to high (red). These satellite data have a nominal spatial resolution of 1.1 km.

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Malaria And Remote Sensing

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Climate Change Will “Re-shuffle The Deck” With Respect To The Distribution Of Plants And Animals

Remote sensing may be able to tell us who moved and to where.