Remote Sensing and
Infectious Diseases
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WHAT YOU CAN LEARN FROM
SENSORS ON SPACECRAFT THAT LOOK INWARD AT THE EARTH
Satellites That Look At
Earth
Satellites
Monitor:
Urbanization*
Cloud cover
Rainfall*
Temperature
(ocean and land masses)*
Total Stratospheric Ozone
Surface Ozone
Vegetation
types*
Land and sea height
Artificial radiance (electric lights, etc.)
Magnetic fields
Sea surface wind speeds
Air
quality*
Lightning strikes
*Important factors influencing
the distribution of infectious agents
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CHAART
(Center for
Health Applications of Aerospace Related technologies)
PREDICTING THE RISKS OF
MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES FROM LAND-USE CHANGE (Northwestern Thailand)
Many Infectious Diseases
Are Transmitted At the Ecotone
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Lyme Disease And Remote
Sensing
Lyme Disease Maintenance:
Urbanization and De-forestation
Westchester County, NY*
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Lyme Disease In
Westchester County, NY
Cholera and Remote
Sensing
The First Cholera
Outbreak
Second Cholera
Outbreak
London, 1832
John Snow and Cholera
New Cholera Outbreaks
Occur In Communities Adjacent To Estuaries.*
WHY?
In Vitro Growth
Requirements For Vibrio cholerae:
Vibrio cholerae and its
relatives are marine microbes fully integrated into estuarine food webs.
Environmental Conditions
Favoring Growth Of Vibrio:
1. Low salinity of estuary
2. Nutrient-loading of estuary
3. 20o
C
Zooplankton Blooms are
Associated With Outbreaks Of Cholera In India
Monsoon “Wedding”
Monsoons:
1.
lower the salinity of the estuary
2. bring nutrients to the estuary
3. raise the ambient water temperature of the estuary
Cholera
Phytoplankton Bloom
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Figure 2. Datasets
used to model the temporal patterns of cholera outbreaks in Bangladesh.
a) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite image showing
the mouth of the Ganges River and the Bay of Bengal. Vegetation is shown in shades
of red and water in shades of blue. The spatial resolution of these data is 1.1
km. b) Sea surface temperature data, derived from AVHRR thermal bands.
Temperatures range from low (purple) to high (red).
c) Sea surface height data, derived from
TOPEX/Poseidon satellite data. The spatial resolution of these data is 1
degree. d) Image derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor
(SeaWiFS) showing chlorophyll concentration, ranging from low (blue) to high
(red). These satellite data have a nominal spatial resolution of 1.1 km.
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Malaria And Remote
Sensing
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Climate Change Will
“Re-shuffle The Deck” With Respect To The Distribution Of Plants And Animals
Remote sensing may be
able to tell us who moved and to where.