ELEVEN
== NOTES TO EXERCISES
GHAZAL
ONE by Vali Dakhani, p. 92:
METER: #26, -
= = = / - = = = / - = = = / - = = =
In this ghazal word-grafting occurs
at the start of the radiif [radiif] every time
it appears: for example, aab aahistah is scanned
as though it were aabaahistah [aa-baa-his-tah].
See Section 3.1. Technical terms
like radiif are explained in the Ghalib
index of terms, and by Barker
in volume 1, in "Appendix I: Urdu Poetics," pp. xxiii-lxiv. Barker
also discusses Urdu meter in some detail, in a relatively traditional
manner. This ghazal contains a number of Dakhani forms like mujh
[mujh] for mere [mere], kuu;N
[kuu;N] for ko [ko], suu;N
[suu;N] for se [se], mane;N
[mane;N] for me;N [me;N]. Their frequency decreases
in later ghazals.
VERSE 1: mujh
[mujh] is scanned (=), since the do-chashmii he
of aspiration does not count as a letter. See Section
l.l.
VERSE 2: aatish-e
;Gam is an i.zaafat [i.zaafat] construction,
and is scanned [aa-ti-she-;Gam], (= - x =). See Section
3.2.
VERSE 3: ((ajab
[((ajab] and lu:tf [lu:tf] are both three-consonant
Arabic words; in this case the first is scanned (- =) and the second,
more typically, (= -). See Section
1.4. Word-grafting: ;xi:taab aahistah is
treated as ;xi;taabaahistah [xi-:taa-baa-his-tah].
VERSE 4: adaa o
naaz [a-daa o naa-z] involves a construction with o
; see Section 3.3. jyuu;N
[jyuu;N] is scanned (=); see Section
2.1.
VERSE 5: a;Nkhyaa;N
[a;Nkh-yaa;N] is archaic; it is scanned (= =). ;xvaab
[;xvaa-b], scanned (= -), is an irregularly spelled Persian word;
see Section 4.2.
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GHAZAL
TWO by Mir Dard, p. 122:
METER: #11, = - = = / =
- = = / = - =
VERSE 1: li))e
[li-))e] is scanned (- x), for )) counts as
a full consonant; see Section 1.1.
VERSE 2: ko))ii
[ko-))ii] is a uniquely flexible word, scanned (x x); see Section
2.2.
VERSE 4: uudhar
[uu-dhar], scanned (= =), is spelled in a manner now archaic to signal
the intended scansion. Note the contrast with the normal spelling,
and scansion, of idhar [i-dhar] (- =). Word-grafting:
kaam in is treated as kaamin
[kaa-min].
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GHAZAL
THREE by Mir, pp. 127-128:
METER: #25,
= - - = / - = - = // = - - = / - = - = Has caesura.
VERSE 1: der der
[de-r de-r], is scanned (= - = -), so it would seem not to fit the
meter. But in meters with a caesura, like this one, an extra unscanned
short syllable may occur just before the caesura; see the discussion
in Section 6.1. The final r
in the second der thus need not count in the
scansion.
VERSE 2: Since the verse contains
several special features like [i.zaafat] and word-grafting, here is
its breakdown into syllables and feet: [buu-e gu-lau/-r ran-ge gul//
do-no;N hai;N dil/-ka-shai na-sii-(m)] [le-k ba-qad/-re yak ni-gaa(-h)//
de-khi-ye to/ va-faa na-hii;N]. Note that an extra unscanned syllable
can be present before the caesura, like the (-h) at the end of nigaah
, and/or at the end of the line, as in the case of the (-m) at the
end of nasiim . See Section
6.1.
VERSE 3: ;xvaastah
[;xvaa-s-tah] is an irregularly spelled Persian word, scanned (= -
x). See Section 4.2.
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GHAZAL
FOUR by Mir, pp. 128-129:
METER: #14 =*
- = = / - = - = / = = *This
syllable, while normally long, may occasionally be replaced with a
short, at the poet's pleasure.
VERSE 2: ik
[ik] by its spelling signals a scansion of (=); see Section
2.4.
VERSE 3: Word-grafting: baar
baar us is treated as baarbaarus [baa-r
baa-rus]; ;haalat ab is treated as ;haalatab
[;haa-la-tab].
VERSE 4: aavaaz
[aa-vaa-(z)] contains the extra short "cheat syllable" permitted at
the end of the line in almost all meters. The second line begins with
the less common but permissible short syllable, rather than the official
long syllable shown in the pattern.
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GHAZAL
5 by Mir, p. 130:
METER: "Hindi"
meter; see Section 6.2.
In order to help you get used to this meter, here is a breakdown into
syllables. Long syllables are shown in bold:
((ish-q ha-maa-re
;xi-yaa-l pa-;raa hai // ;xvaa-b
ga-))ii aa-raa-m ga-yaa
jii kaa jaa naa ;The-r ga-yaa hai
// .sub-;h ga-yaa yaa shaa-m ga-yaa
((ish-q ki-yaa
so dii-n ga-yaa ii- / maa-n
ga-yaa is-laa-m ga-yaa
dil ne ai-saa kaa-m ki-yaa
kuchh // jis se mai;N naa-kaa-m
ga-yaa
haa-))e ja-vaa-nii
kyaa kyaa kah-ye // sho-r
sa-ro;N me;N rakh-te the
ab kyaa hai vuh ((ah-d ga-yaa vuh
/ mau-sam vuh han-gaa-m
ga-yaa
Note that in the first line of the
second verse, and the second line of the third verse, word overlaps
prevent the lines from having a true caesura break after the eighth
syllable.
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GHAZAL
6 by Mus'hafi, p. 178:
METER: #26, -
= = = / - = = = / - = = = / - = = =
VERSE 1: aur
[aur] is here scanned as (=) rather than (= -) as it normally would
be; it is scanned again this way in Verse 4. This is one of its possibilities;
see Section 2.1.
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: ;xiraam
us is treated as ;xiraamus [;xi-raa-mus].
VERSE 4: divaanii
[di-vaa-nii] has replaced the normal spelling diivaanii
[dii-vaa-nii], in order to permit and suggest a scansion of (- = x).
This is now archaic. See Section
2.4.
VERSE 5: tirii
[ti-rii] has replaced the normal spelling terii
[te-rii], in order to change the scansion to (- x). See Section
2.4.
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GHAZAL
7 by Jur'at, p.191:
METER: #10 = -
= = / = - = = / = - = = / = - =
VERSE 2: kyaa
[kyaa] is almost always (=); see
Section 2.1. For pha;Nstaa [pha;Ns-taa]
see Section 1.2.
VERSE 3: For rang
[ran-g] see Section 1.2. The word
aur [aur], normally (= -), is here scanned (=);
see Section 2.1.
VERSE 4: jur))aat
[jur-))at] is scanned (= =); see Section
4.4.
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GHAZAL
8 by Jur'at, pp. 193-194:
METER: "Hindi"
meter; see Section 6.2.
VERSE 2: pyaar
[pyaa-r] is an irregularly spelled Indic word, scanned (= -); see
Section 4.3.
VERSE 3: ;xvushaamad
is really [;xu-shaa-mad]; see Section
4.2.
VERSE 4: jahaaN likhaa ho [ja-haaN
li-khaa ho] contains an example of the rare scansion pattern (- =
-), in [ja-haaN li-], rather than (= - -) as is the norm in this meter.
See Section 6.2.
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GHAZAL
9 by Atish, p. 218:
METER: #18,
=* - = = / - - = = / - - = = / = =
#19, =* - = = / - - = = / - - = = / - - = These two
closely related meters are often used together. *This syllable, while
normally long, may occasionally be replaced with a short, at the poet's
pleasure.
VERSE 3: The first line of this
verse is the only one in this excerpt that is composed in meter #18
rather than its more common companion #19. Word-grafting: bar
andaaz is treated as barandaaz [ba-ran-daa-z].
VERSE 4: Both lines of this verse
begin with a short syllable, rather than the more common long syllable
shown in the official pattern. Word-grafting: qaraar
ai is treated as qaraarai [qa-raa-rai].
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GHAZAL
10 by Atish, p. 218:
METER: #34 - = - = / - -
= = / - = - = / = =
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: ham
aur is treated as hamaur [ha-mau-r].
VERSE 2: The writing of mahah
[mahh], "moon," with two h's in sequence is merely an orthographic
convention, like that used with kahah , the
root of kahnaa , to distinguish it from kih
[kih]. It does not affect the scansion, which remains [ma-ho mah-r].
VERSE 4: :taali((ii
is scanned [:taa-li-((ii]. Remember that ((
is a full, regular consonant in metrical terms; see Section
1.3.
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GHAZAL
11 by Zauq, p. 297:
METER: #27 - = = = / - =
= = / - = =
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: khoj
apnaa is treated as khojapnaa [kho-jap-naa].
VERSE 4: Word-grafting: na:ziir
us is treated as na;ziirus [na-:zii-rus].
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GHAZAL
12 by Zauq, pp. 298-299:
METER: #5 = = - / = - =
- / - = = - / = - =
VERSE 1: ;xvushii
is really [;xu-shii]; see Section
4.2.
VERSE 3: bavaqt-e
marg is [ba-vaq-te mar-g]. It could also be written bah
vaqt-e marg , of which it's just a shortened form.
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GHAZAL
13 by Momin, p. 307:
METER: #14 =*
- = = / - = - = / = =
#15 =* - = = / - = - = / - - =
These two closely
related meters are often used together. *This syllable, while normally
long, may occasionally be replaced with a short, at the poet's pleasure.
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: a;sar
us is treated as a:sarus [a-;sa-rus]; this
verse begins with the variant short-syllable opening.
VERSE 2: The first line is in meter
#15. huu))e is really [hu-))e], (- x); see Section
4.3.
VERSE 3: The first line is in meter
#15.
VERSE 4: ko))ii
is to be considered (x x). See Section
2.2.
VERSE 5: Word-grafting: mu.z:tar
ai is treated as mu.z:tarai [mu.z-:ta-rai];
.sanam aa;xir is treated as .sanamaa;xir
[.sa-na-maa-;xir]. The second line begins with the variant short-syllable
opening.
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GHAZAL
14 by Momin, p. 312:
METER: #38 - - = - = / -
- = - = / - - = - = / - - = - =
VERSE 1: Note the scansion of tumhe;N
[tu-mhe;N], which is (- x) in accordance with its pronunciation, though
it is more often spelled with h than with [do-chashmii
he]. See Section 4.3. Both kih
[kih] and nah [nah] are virtually always short;
see Section 2.1.
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: har
ek is treated as harek [ha-re-k].
VERSE 3: huu))e
[hu-))e] is an irregularly spelled Indic word, scanned (- x); see
Section 4.3. Note that the doubled
letter created by the tashdiid [tashdiid] on
the t in ittifaaq counts
as fully as any other letter in the scansion: [it-ti-faa-q].
VERSE 4: The protean word ko))ii
is always to be scanned (x x). Note that tumhaare
is scanned [tu-mhaa-re], (- = x); see Section
4.3.
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GHAZAL
15 by Ghalib, p. 319:
METER: #18 =* - = = / -
- = = / - - = = / = =
*This syllable, while normally long, may occasionally be replaced
with a short, at the poet's pleasure.
VERSE 2: Note the way the vowel-
ii turns into a consonant before an [i.zaafat]:
diivaanagii-e shauq becomes [dii-vaa-na-gi-ye
shau-q], (= = - - = = -); see Section
3.2. In this case the [i.zaafat] syllable has to be long, to avoid
having the forbidden three shorts in a row. Also note the double word-grafting:
udhar aur aap is treated as udharauraap
[u-dha-rau-raa-p].
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GHAZAL
16 by Ghalib, pp. 319-320:
METER: #37 - - = - / = -
= = // - - = - / = - = =
Has caesura.
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: agar
aur is treated as agaraur [a-ga-rau-r].
VERSE 2: ;xvushii
is really [;xu-shii]; see Section
4.2. Word-grafting: agar i((tibaar is treated
as agari((tibaar [a-ga-ri((-t-baa-r].
VERSE 3: ko))ii
[ko-))ii] is, as ever, (x x).
VERSE 4: Word-grafting: ;Gam
agarchih is treated as ;Gamarchih [;Ga-ma-gar-chih].
VERSE 5: masaa))il-e
ta.savvuf is [ma-saa-))i-le ta-.sav-vuf].
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GHAZAL
17 by Ghalib, p. 321:
METER: #19 =* - = = / -
- = = / - - = = / - - =
#18 =* - = = / - - = = / - - = = / = =
These two closely related meters are often used together. *This syllable,
while normally long, may occasionally be replaced with a short, at
the poet's pleasure.
VERSE 1: vajah-e
tasallii is [vaj-he-ta-sal-lii].
VERSE 2: The first line is in #18.
VERSE 4: The first line is in #18.
VERSE 5: The first line is in #18.
.sadmah-e yak-junbish-e lab is [.sad-ma-he yak-jun-bi-she
lab].
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GHAZAL
18 by Ghalib, pp. 321-322:
METER: #10 = - = = / = -
= = / = - = = / = - =
VERSE 1: laalah
o is [laa-la-ho]; see Section 3.3.
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: bazm-araa))iyaa;N
is treated as bazmaaraa))iyaa;N [baz-maa-raa-))i-yaa;N].
VERSE 3: Word-grafting: dimaa;G
us is treated as dimaa;Gus [di-maa-;Gus].
VERSE 4: muva;h;hid
is scanned [mu-va;h-;hid]. Note the presence of the extra unscanned
"cheat syllable"--the m of rusuum
[ru-suu-m]-- at the end of the first line.
VERSE 5: yuu;Nhii
is scanned as [yuu;N hii], (x x).
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GHAZAL
19 by Ghalib, pp. 324-325:
METER: #5 = = - / = - =
- / - = = - / = - =
VERSE 1: The spelling ;xaamushii
, rather than the usual ;xaamoshii , points
to the scansion [;xaa-mu-shii]; see Section
2.4. ;xvush is really [;xush]; see Section
4.2.
VERSE 2: aa))inah
, a remarkably flexible word, is here scanned (= x x), and spelled
accordingly; see Section 2.2.
((u;zr-;xvaah is scanned [((u;z-r-;xvaa-h];
see Section 4.2.
VERSE 3: na;xvaastah
is scanned [na-;xvaa-s-tah]; see Section
4.2.
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GHAZAL
20 by Ghalib, p. 331:
METER: #8 = = - / - = =
- / - = = - / - = =
This ghazal should be considered
to have the optional "cheat syllable" at the end of every verse, in
the form of the r in aur
[au-r].
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: har
ik [har ik] is treated as harik [ha-rik];
note that the spelling of ik [ik] points to
its scansion as (=) rather than (= -).
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: dil
un is treated as dilun [di-lun].
VERSE 3: huu))e
is really [hu-))e]. shikanii is [shi-ka-nii].
VERSE 5: Word-grafting: bahut
achchhe is treated as bahutachchhe [ba-hu-tach-chhe].
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GHAZAL
21 by Dagh, p. 367:
METER: #4 = = - / = - =
= // = = - / = - = =
Has caesura.
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GHAZAL
22 by Dagh, pp. 371-372:
METER: #37 - - = - / = -
= = // - - = - / = - = =
Has caesura.
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: ((ajab
apnaa is treated as ((ajabapnaa [((a-ja-bap-naa].
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: phir
aashkaar is treated as phiraashkaar [phi-raa-sh-kaa-r].
VERSE 3: Word-grafting: baraabar
aag is treated as baraabaraag [ba-raa-ba-raa-g].
VERSE 4: Word-grafting: agar
apnii is treated as agarapnii [a-ga-rap-nii].
VERSE 5: tumhe;N
is [tu-mhe;N], (- x).
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GHAZAL
23 by Akbar Ilahabadi, pp. 396-397:
METER: #27 - = = = / - =
= = / - = =
Strictly speaking, this is not a
ghazal but a qi:t((ah [qi:t((ah]. See Barker
vol. I, pp. xxvi-xxvii. Note that yaas [yaa-s],
paas [paa-s], and all the other rhyming words
end in the short "cheat syllable" permitted at the end of a line.
VERSE 1: ;xvush
is really [;xush]; see Section 4.2.
VERSE 2: Word-grafting: em
ai , "M.A.," is treated as emai [e-me].
VERSE 3: For faura:n
[fau-ran] see the [tanviin] part of Section
4.4. byaah [byaa-h] is an irregular Indic word, scanned (= -);
see Section 4.3.
VERSE 4: Word-grafting: dil
apnaa is treated as dilapnaa [di-lap-naa].
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GHAZAL
24 by Iqbal, p. 425:
METER: #38 - - = - = / -
- = - = / - - = - = / - - = - =
VERSE 1: Word-grafting: na:zar
aa is treated as na:zaraa [na-:za-raa].
VERSE 2: aa))iinah
is scanned (= x x); see Section
2.2.
VERSE 3: In the word ((afv
[((af-v], the v is a consonant, and so receives a normal consonant
[i.zaafat], becoming [((af-ve].
VERSE 5: huu))aa
is really [hu-))aa].
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