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Index
*A*
*B*
*C* *D* *E* *F*
*G* *H* *I* *J*
*K* *L* *M* *N*
*O* *P* *Q* *R*
*S* *T* *U* *V*
*W* *Y* *Z*
| pages |
3- 21 |
22- 36 |
37- 54 |
55- 60 |
61- 75 |
76- 85 |
86- 106 |
107- 122 |
123- 132 |
PART
ONE |
*1* |
*2* |
*3* |
*4* |
*5* |
*6* |
*7* |
*8* |
*9* |
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| pages |
135- 142 |
143- 155 |
156- 165 |
166- 174 |
175- 188 |
189- 208 |
209- 222 |
223- 237 |
238- 253 |
PART
TWO |
*10* |
*11* |
*12* |
*13* |
*14* |
*15* |
*16* |
*17* |
*18* |
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254- 276 |
277- 294 |
295- 296 |
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*19* |
*20* |
*21* |
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Abbasids, 12-17 passim, 19, 44, 48, 59,
67, 115
Abdali, see Ahmad Shah
Abdul Hai, Maulvi, 281
Abdullah Khan, 145-46
Abdul Qadir, 182
Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, 144, 146,
166-67,
242, 243
Abdur Rahman, 175
Abdus Samad Khan, 256
Abu Ali, 16
Abu Bakr, 4
Abul Ata Sindhi, 18
Abul Fath Daud, 24
Abul Fazl, 158, 167, 178, 242;
murder
of, 146, 175, 180, 198; political opinions of, 150-51, 210, 215; and
brother
Faizi, 152-53, 242; and religion, 161-64; and the arts, 248, 251
Abul Fazl Gazruni, 153n
Abul Najm Zarir Shaybani, 30
Abu Maashar Sindhi, 18
Abu Nasr Farsi, 34, 35
Adhan Khan, 144
Adil Shahis, 83
Administration: 60, 195-96,
257-58, 269,
270-72, 296; Arab, 11-14, 20; of Ghazni, 23, 36; of Delhi Sultanate,
general,
45-50, 79, 86-106, 109; Iltutmish's, 55, 55-60, Ala-ud-din's, 64-67;
Mughal,
general, 135-36, 209-22, 226-28, 237; Sher Shah's, 138-40; Akbar's,
144,
146-51, 164; Jahangir's, 176-78; Shah Jahan's, 185-86; Aurangzeb's,
189,
190, 198-200, 205-8; British, 277-78, 289-90, 292-93
Afghanistan, 22 ff., 60, 141, 295;
Persian
language in, 36, 241; and Babur, 84, 137; popularity of Bedil in, 204,
241-42
Afghans, 193, 259, 270, 273; in
Delhi,
18, 287; contributions to Muslim success, 41, 45, 58-59; in power,
76-78,
258-59, 267; in Bengal, 83, 145; and Hamayun, 137-38, 248; and Sikhs,
194,
205, 281-83; and Safdar Jang, 266
Afzal Khan, 196
Agra, 77, 140, 141, 145, 197, 225,
254;
and Babur, 78, 137; culture and education in, 136, 238, 241; and
Humayun,
138, 142, 143; and Akbar, 146, 156, 246; and Aurangzeb, 183-84, 190;
and
Shah Jahan, 184, 247
Agriculture, 18-19, 74-75, 110, 227-28
Ahadis, 212-13, 218, 248
Ahmadabad, 79, 84, 123, 153n, 225, 227,
238,
247
Ahmad Chap, 62, 88
Ahmad ibn Majid, 85
Ahmadnagar, 83, 123, 129, 146, 181, 196
Ahmad Niyaltigin, 28-29, 33
Ahmad Shah (Abdali), 261, 265-67, 279
Aibak, Qutb-ud-din, 39, 40, 42-43, 45,
52, 55,
57, 86, 89, 92, 94, 105, 106, 120
Ain-i-Akbari (Abu Fazl), 150, 161-62,
216, 218,
221, 274
Ajmer, 24-25, 37-39 passim, 49,
105; buildings
in, 42, 156, 247
Akbar, 135-36, 142, 146; cultural
life
and the arts, 67, 242, 246, 248-49, 251, 273, 279, 295; territorial
expansion
and control, 82, 84, 176, 180-82; coinage and revenue, 97, 214-16;
government
and justice, 103, 185, 206, 210-13, 220-21, 226; religion and
toleration,
141, 156-65, 166-74, 194, 207, 235-36; military organization, 218-19,
274;
trade and industry, 223-24; education, 238, 240-41
Akbar II, 278
Akbar, Prince, 197
Akbarabadi Mosque, 288
Akbar-Nama (Abu Fazl), 162, 242, 249
Akhla-i-Jalali (Dawwani), 153n
Akhund Darweza, 172
Alamgir II, 266, 267
Alam Shah, 76
Ala-ud-din Husain, 30-31
Ala-ud-din Husain Shah, 83
Ala-ud-din Khalji, 69-70; conquest
and
expansion, 45, 62-63, 72-73; religion, 64, 96; government and justice,
65-66, 89, 90, 100-1, 104, 106, 139, 207; military organization, 66,
98;
revenue, 67, 94, 96, 110; culture and arts, 68, 112, 121
Ala-ud-din Masud, 53-54
Ala-ul-Mulk, 64-65
Al-Biruni, Abu Raihan, 26-28, 31-32, 131
Ali, 4, 5-6
Aligarh College, 280, 289
Aligarh movement, 265
Ali Hujwiri, 35-36
Ali Mardan Khan, 181
Alivardi Khan, 262, 268
Allahabad, 62, 183-85, 205, 220, 225
Allami Afzal Khan, 211
Almagest (Ptolemy-Al-Biruni), 26-27
Alptigin, 23
Aluniya, 52
Amalguzar, 215
Ambala, 75, 255
Amin, 139
Amir Fathullah Shirazi, 151, 153
Amir-i-dad, 91, 99-100
Amir-i-hajib, 91
Amir-i-Majlis, 90
Amir Khan, 193
Amir Khan Nawab, 281
Amir Khurd, 87
Amir Khusrau, 67-69, 98, 116-17, 119, 296
Amran, 12-14, 15
Anandpal, 24, 25
Anandpur, 194, 195
Arabia, 3-4, 127, 263; contact
with, 36,
224, 238, 283-86
Arabian Nights' Entertainments, 16
Arabic characters and numerals, 15, 49
Arabic coinage and currency, 49, 97
Arabic language and literature, 19, 23,
35, 46,
84, 103, 115, 128-29, 138, 173, 264, 280, 291-92, 240, 252
Arabic traditions, 93, 154, 295
Arabs, 3-6, 22, 33, 110-11;
conquests
of, 6-11, 22; rule of, in Sind, 11-14, 19-21, 36, 109, 111, 164;
cultural
and intellectual influence, 14-17, 119
Architecture, 125; during Delhi
Sultanate,
67, 75, 84, 113, 120-22, 149; during Mughal empire, 186-87, 202,
213-14,
217, 245-48, 287-89
Ariz, 66, 98-99, 104
Arjan, Guru, 175, 194, 233
Army, 33, 140, 226-27; during
Delhi Sultanate,
41-42, 56-59, 65-67, 86, 94, 97-99; during Mughal empire, 139, 206,
211-14,
217-19, 257, 259, 274
Art, 79-80, 84, 120-21, 280, 195;
Indian,
21, 149; during Delhi Sultanate, 119-22; during Mughal empire, 142,
184,
187, 202-4, 238-53
Artillery, 98, 137, 218, 274
Arya Samaj, 126
Arz-i-mumalik, 209
Arzu, 244, 245
Asad Khan, 210-211
Asaf Khan, 168, 176, 177, 179, 186, 205,
210-11
Ashoka, 75, 143
Asiatic Society, 291
Asirgarh, 146
Assam, 80, 82, 181, 190-91, 194, 283, 285
Astrology, 15, 16, 27, 230
Astronomy, 15, 26, 114, 118, 240, 263
Attock, 29, 192, 193
Aufi, Muhammad, 49, 116, 118
Aurangabad, 197, 260
Aurangzeb, 95, 99, 103, 151,
170-72, 181-85
passim, 189-208 passim, 254, 257, 266; religious policy, 189, 198-200,
251-52, 255; conquests, 190-98, 244; Afgans, 192-93; Sikhs, 193-95;
Marathas,
195-97; East India Company, 200-1; character, 200-2; land revenue,
215-15;
navy, 219; judiciary, 220-21; Hinduism, 227, 232-36; culture and arts,
238-43, 247, 251-52, 275; army, 274
Azad, Abul Kalam, 159-60
Azad Khan, 255, 256
Azam, 243
Azam Shah, Prince, 171, 206
Azim-ush-Shan, 255, 256
Babur, 78, 84, 94, 136-37, 138, 142, 145,
206,
265, 267, 274; arts, 242, 245-46, 248, 288
Badaun, 39, 43, 53, 76, 279
Badauni, 73, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157,
161-62,
220, 225, 242
Badrud-din-Sunqar, 53
Badshahi Mosque, 247, 255
Baghdad, 12, 14-18 passim, 20, 23, 26,
44, 46,
48, 56, 59, 88, 90, 112, 113, 120, 186
Bahadur Shah (Prince Muazzam), 195,
196-97, 242,
243, 254-55, 275, 278, 287
Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, 137
Bahadur Yar Jang, Nawab, 141
Baha-ud-din Gurshashp, 72
Bahmani, 73, 83, 114
Bahram, 30, 31
Bairam Khan, 143-44
Baji Rao I, 258
Bakhshi, 213
Bakhtawar Khan, 202
Bakhtiyar Khalji, 39
Balban, 45, 46, 50, 52, 54, 55-60, 61,
63, 67,
80, 88-94 passim, 97, 98, 102-7 passim, 112, 113, 116, 149, 150, 207
Baluchistan, 146
Banda, 195, 254-55, 256
Barani, Ziya-ud-din, 46, 50, 57, 63-66
passim,
72, 87-89 passim, 98, 101, 102, 106, 109-10, 112, 114, 118
Barid Shahis, 83
Barlas Turks, 75
Barmakid family, 14-15
Bartu, 43
Bayazid of Bistam, 16
Bedil, 204, 241-42
Behzad, 248
Benares, 29, 30, 32, 43, 119, 225, 229,
279
Bengal, 21, 37, 39-40, 55, 58-59,
72-73,
78, 82-83, 88, 138, 180-81, 261-62, 219; Mughal rule in, 145, 176, 191,
200, 205, 206; British in, 200-1, 268-70; industry, 111, 224;
education,
113-14; architecture, 121; religion, 124, 126, 129-30, 165, 172-74,
245,
283-86
Bengali literature, 83, 118, 173-74, 192,
232,
245, 291-92
Berar, 83, 181
Bernier, François, 131, 187, 224,
226,
228, 238-40 passim, 274
Betel, 108, 231
Bhagwan Das Raja, 144, 165
Bhagwan Singh, 178
Bhaktamala, 128
Bhakti movement, 79, 125, 126, 128-30
passim,
195
Bhaku, 192
Bhatinda, 38, 39, 52
Bhikschachara, 32
Bhojpur, 58-59
Biana, 77
Bidar, 83, 183
Bihar, 32, 39, 55, 80, 112, 137, 138, 243
Bijapur, 80, 83, 119, 123, 153, 181, 183,
195-97
passim, 204, 205, 219, 244
Bilas Khan, 251
Birbal, Raja, 146, 153, 165, 243
Bir Singh Budhela, 146, 180
Bishvas Rao, 267
Bistam of Bayazid, 16
Blochmann, H., 161-62
Bombay, 20-21, 201, 214, 219, 225-26, 228
Brahmagupta, 15
Brahmajit Gaur, 140
Brahmanabad, 7, 11, 19
Brahmans, 21, 74, 108, 128, 158, 165, 232
Brahmaputra River, 80, 82, 191-92
Brahmo Samaj, 126
British in India, 85, 135, 139,
172, 205-6,
215-17 passim, 220, 222, 225-28 passim, 231-35 passim, 277-94; see also
East India Company
Bu Ali Hasan, 29
Buddhism, 8-9, 11, 21, 124
Budhu Miyan, 284
Bughra Khan, 58-60, 80, 88, 116
Buhlul Lodi, 76, 77, 93
Bukhara, 22-23, 34, 36, 116, 155, 166,
182, 186,
241
Bundelkhand, 37, 180, 258
Burdwan, 175, 205
Bureaucracy, 105, 178, 275
Burhanpur, 197, 238
Burhan-ud-din, Maulana, 102-3
Burhan-ul-Mulk, 259
Buxar, 269-70, 272
Cairo, 14, 113, 120
Calcutta, 105-6, 214, 225-26, 268, 291
Calicut, 85
Caliph, 88, 282, 284
Cambay, 20, 226, 238
Canals, 95
Canning, Earl, 289
Caste, 130, 131, 226, 234
Cavalry, 52, 98, 110, 218
Central Asia, 32-33, 36, 40, 45, 56, 79,
103,
109, 112, 114, 119-22 passim, 136, 145, 146, 170, 182, 223
Central India, 63, 258, 267
Ceylon, 6, 20
Chach, 8-9
Chaghatai Turks, 136
Chaitanya, 126, 129-30, 165, 173, 233
Chand Bibi, 146
Chandu Lal, 175
Chaudharis, 105, 109
Chauhan kingdom, 49
Chausar, 16
Chess, 16, 108
Chihilgan, 57
China, 8, 74, 82
Chingiz Khan, 43, 136
Chin Qilich Khan, 257; see also
Nizam-ul-Mulk
Chishti sufis, 119, 156
Chitor, 63, 140, 144
Chittagong, 118, 180, 191, 201, 224, 285
Christianity, 4, 126, 287
Christians, 144, 160
Chuti Khan, 118
Clive, Robert, 269
Coinage, 5, 49, 64, 72, 96-97, 176, 201,
254,
255, 277
Colleges, see Education
Commerce, 18-19, 109, 111, 179-80,
209-10, 219,
226-27, 290-94 passim
Constantinople, 186, 245-46
Conversion, 123-25 passim, 130-31, 148,
232-33,
234-35, 283, 295
Cooch Behar, 176, 190-91
Cordova, 112-13, 120
Coromandal, 21
Cotton goods, 223-24
Counterfeiting, 72
Courts, 99, 220-22 passim
Cows, slaughter of, 17, 172, 235
Criminal law, 220, 277-78
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon
of
Kedleston, 288
Customs duties, 140, 199, 200, 214, 223
Dacca, 40, 80, 140, 176, 190-91 passim,
219,
231, 283, 284
Dadu, 126, 127-28
Dahar, 6-11 passim
Dalhousie, James Ramsay, Marquess of, 290
Damascus, 5, 18, 110, 120, 164
Dance, 101, 102-3, 263
Danishmand Khan, 240
Dara Shukoh, 182-86 passim, 187-88, 189,
192,
193, 198, 243, 250, 295, 296
Dard, 244-45
Dars-i-Nizamiya, 205, 239
Dar-ul-harb, 284-85, 286
Dar-ul-Islam, 284-85, 286
Daswant, 249
Data Ganj Bakhsh, 35-36
Daulatabad, 70, 72, 73, 114, 121, 181
Daulat Khan Lodi, 78
Dawwani, 153, 154
Debul, 6, 7, 10, 17, 19
Deccan, 98, 110, 141, 166-67, 257;
regional
kingdoms in, 73, 80, 83, 85, 261-62; Islamic culture in, 114-15, 119,
204,
243-45 passim; Mughal authority in, 146, 176, 177, 180-83 passim, 189,
195, 206, 208, 215, 219; Marathas in, 195-97, 205, 257, 273, 260
Delhi, 18, 20, 24-25, 37, 42, 72,
84,
88; culture in, 113, 119, 120, 136, 238-40 passim, 245, 248, 252,
279-82
passim; architecture in, 121, 184, 186, 246-48 passim, 263; Babur in,
137;
Humayun in, 141-42; Marathas and, 257-58, 272; Nadir Shah in, 259-60;
Shah
Waliullah in, 263, 265; British in, 273, 277-79; in Indian Revolt,
287-89
Delhi College, 280-81
Deoband seminary, 239, 265, 280-81, 289
Dera Ismail Khan, 38
Devagiri, 62, 63-64, 70, 72, 73
Devi Singh, 233
Devkot, 113-14
Diler Khan, 196-97
Din-i-Ilahi, 160-64 passim
Divorce, 230
Diwan, 104, 209, 210-11, 213;
diwan-i-arz,
98-99; diwan-i-mazalim, 99, 220; diwan-i-khalsa, 211; diwan-i-tan, 211
Doab, 43, 55, 58, 104
Duperron, Anquetil, 188
Durbar, 277-78
Dutch in India, 85, 177, 200, 221, 224,
227
East Africa, 85, 110
East Bengal, 284-85
East India Company, 102, 179, 222,
254,
272, 276; and Aurangzeb, 200-1; in Bengal, 268-70; control of India,
277-79
passim; and British government, 289-90; language policy of, 292
East Pakistan, 82, 124, 191-92, 208, 283
Economy: Ala-ud-din Khalji's
regulation
of, 65-66; under Delhi Sultanate, 72, 94-96, 107, 110-12; Sher Shah's
reforms
in, 139-40; of Jahangir's reign, 178-79; under Aurangzeb, 189-90, 205,
207; development of in Mughal empire, 223-30
Education: in Delhi Sultanate,
113-15;
and Akbar, 149, 154-55; and Aurangzeb, 198-99, 204-5; in Mughal empire,
238-41, 273-74; Shah Waliullah's role in, 263-64; at Delhi College,
280-81;
English, in India, 291
Egypt, 5, 6, 14, 18, 224
Election, of ruler, 90-91
Elephants, 98, 110
Elliot, Sir Henry, 293-94
Eunuchs, 189
Europe and India, relations between, 6,
110,
135, 179, 191, 218, 223-24, 225, 228, 235, 236, 247, 274
Faizi, 151-53, 158, 167, 178, 242
Fakhr-i-Mudabbir, 42, 86-88 passim,
91-92, 97-99
passim, 113, 116, 118
Fakirullah (Saif Khan), 252
Famine, 70, 72, 73
Faraizis, 284-85
Farangi Mahal, 205
Faridpur, 283, 284
Farrukh Beg, 249, 250
Farrukhsiyar, 256-57, 262
Fatawa-i-Alamgiri, 103, 205, 221
Fatawa-i-Jahandari (Barani), 87-88
Fathpur Sikri, 145, 149, 153, 156, 167,
225,
246, 248-49
Fathullah Shirazi, 153-54, 216
Fazil Khan, 186, 240
Fidai Khan Kuka, 247
Fighani of Shiraz, 241
Fiqh, 114, 239
Fiqh-i-Firuz Shahi, 95
Firishta, 25, 114, 242
Firuz (Bahmani ruler), 114-15
Firuz Jang, 207
Firuz Kuh, 30, 31
Firuz Tughluq, 74-75, 82, 89, 93, 95,
103, 107,
113-14, 121, 207, 228
Food, 66, 108, 110, 140, 189-90, 295
Fortifications, 63, 137, 138, 140, 246,
288
Fort William College, 291
"Forty, the," 57
France, 5, 238
Games, 228, 231
Ganges River, 39, 40, 59, 73, 77, 84,
104, 137,
138, 279
Gardens, 246
Garib, 128
Gaur, 79, 83, 138
Geography, study of, 238-39, 240
Gezit, 96
Ghalib, 204, 242, 279, 289, 296
Ghanimah, 95
Ghausgarh, 270, 272
Ghazi Malik, 69; see also Ghiyas-uddin
Tughluq
Ghazi-ud-din, 239, 266, 267
Ghaznavids, 18, 48, 92, 94, 109, 241
Ghazni, 19, 26, 61, 63, 90, 113,
241,
259; and Muhammad Ghuri, 37-40 passim; government at, 45-46; and
Iltutmish,
48-49; tradition of, 112
Ghias-ud-din Mansur, 154
Ghiyas-ud-din Shah, 82
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq, 31, 63, 69, 70,
72, 82,
92-94 passim, 104, 107, 117
Ghulam Husain Khan, quoted, 265
Ghulam Qadir, 270, 272
Ghur, 30-31, 37, 54
Goa, 85, 160
Golden Temple, 194
Golkunda, 80, 83, 119, 181, 183, 195-97
passim,
204, 205, 207, 244
Gosains, Vaishnava, of Mathura, 170
Governors, provincial, 103-5 passim, 139,
163,
213, 214, 220, 221, 236
Govind Rai, 38
Govind Singh, Guru, 194-95, 254, 255
Grain, 66, 70, 95, 110
Grammar, 238-39, 240
Greek ideas, 5, 26-27, 115, 153
Gujarat, 12, 21, 38, 63, 73, 84,
145,
179, 189, 219, 238, 258, 260, 274; textile industry in, 111, 225;
kingdom
of, 37, 83-84; music in, 79; architecture in, 121; conversions in, 233
Gujarati, 244, 292
Gulbadan Begum, 240
Gulbarga, 79
Gunpowder, 274
Gurshashp, 106
Gwalior, 24-25, 43, 50, 55, 120, 137,
140, 143,
168, 184, 251, 252, 255, 270
Hadith, 114, 155, 238, 239
Hafiz, 82
Haji Muhammad Mohsin, 284
Haji Shariat Ullah, 283-84, 286
Hajjaj, 6-7, 8, 9-10, 11-12, 20-21
Hakim Abul Gilani, 154
Hakim Hashim Gilani, 114
Halhed, Nathaniel, 292
Hammans, 108
Hanafi school, 158, 264, 265
Hanbali, 265
Hargovind, Guru, 194, 233
Harsa, 32
Harun-al-Rashid, 12, 15
Hasan, 115, 117
Hasan Abdal, 192
Hasan Abul, 29
Hasan Ali, 256-57
Hasan Nizami, 42, 118
Hastings, Lord, 278
Hauz-i-Shamsi, 49, 120
Hazabr-ud-din Hasan Adib, 39
Hazara, 282
Hazarajat, 31
Hazin, 242, 244
Hazrat Ali, 255
Hazrat Nasir-ud-din Chiragh-i-Delhi, 65
Hazrat Nizam-ud-din Auliya, 93, 107, 112,
113
Heber, Reginald, 293
Hejaz, 238
Herat, 30, 34, 79, 248, 258
Hibbari family, 14
Hidaya, 102, 103
Hijaz, 17, 82, 263
Hijra, 4
Himalayas, 112, 266-67
Himu, 143
Hindi, 35, 117, 139, 142, 243, 245, 291,
292
Hindus: and Arabs, 11-12, 17-18;
and commerce,
19, 110-11, 226-27; and Ghaznavids, 24-26, 27-33 passim; in Muslim
administration,
105, 140, 150-51, 175, 178, 195-06, 198-200, 211, 220-22 passim; under
the Sultanate, 43, 48, 50, 55, 65, 69, 72-73, 75, 77, 78, 84-85, 87,
98,
102, 107-12 passim, 115; and Islamic culture, 79-80, 118-22 passim,
229-30,
246, 248-53 passim, 295-96; as zimmis, 96; revival of, 136-37, 171-72,
185-86, 283; and Islam, interaction of, 123-132, 187-88, 193-94,
231-37,
283-86 passim; and Akbar, 144, 148-49, 164-65, 170; and Aurangzeb, 227,
232-36; Hindu-Muslim separatism, seeds of, 291-94
Hindustani, 83, 125, 291, 292
Hisham, 12
History writing of, 26, 74, 87-88, 101,
107,
112-19 passim, 135, 238-39, 242-43, 292-93
Horses, horsemanship, 41, 66, 108, 110,
218,
228
Hospitals, in Mughal empire, 228-29
Hugli, 80, 82, 180-81, 200, 205
Hulagu Khan, 43, 59
Humayun, 94, 137-38, 140-42 passim, 241,
246,
248, 267
Husain, Iman, 5
Husain Ali, 256-57
Husain Shah, 118
Husain Shahi dynasty, 83
Husain Sharqi, 77, 84, 119
Hyderabad, 141, 244, 250, 258, 261-62,
278, 290
Ibadat Khana (House of Worship), 145,
156-57,
160, 164-65
Ibn Battuta, 65, 74, 106, 107, 131-32
Ibn Hasan, 210
Ibn Haukul, 17
Ibn-Taimiya, 169-70
Ibn-ul-Athir, 32, 43
Ibrahim, Sultan of Ghazni, 30, 34, 35
Ibrahim Khan, 205
Ikhtiyar-ud-din Muhammad, 39-40
Ilbari Turks, 56, 60, 61
Iltutmish, 40, 43-54 passim, 56, 86-90,
92, 97,
113, 115, 120, 149
Ilyas Shahi dynasty, 82
Imad Shahis, 83
Imam-ud-din Maulvi, 285
Inayat Ali Maulvi, 285
Indian Councils Act (1861), 290
Indian Ocean, 6, 85, 219, 274
Indian Revolt (1857-58), 286-91
Indo-Muslim culture, 295-96
Indus River, 17, 19, 23-25 passim, 43,
140, 193,
260, 266-67
Industry: in Delhi Sultanate,
110-11;
in Mughal empire, 223-25
"Infallibility Decree of 1579," 158-60,
164
Inheritance rights, 214
Interest, 109-10
Iqbal, 169, 296
Iqtas, 79, 103-4
Iran, 5, 22; influence on culture,
154,
176, 178, 179; see also Persian influence
Irani faction, 186, 257, 266
Iraq, 8, 18, 20, 34, 45, 83, 114
Irrigation, 74-75, 95
Isami, 49, 65, 118
Isfahan, 36, 79, 241
Islam Khan, 176
Islam Shah, 140-41
Ismail, 4
Ismailis, 6, 14, 24, 40, 52, 74
Ismail Khan Rumi, 186
Istanbul, 103, 224
Itimad-ud-Daula, 210-11
Izz-ud-din Kishlu Khan, 53-54
Jagat, Guru, 165
Jaget Seth, 227
Jagirs, 149, 175, 212
Jahan Ara Begum, 184, 241
Jahandar Shah, 252, 255-56, 266, 275
Jahangir (Prince Salim), 99, 145,
146,
156, 175-80, 181, 185, 210, 211, 222, 223, 225, 228-29, 236, 241, 274;
and Islam, 166, 168-70 passim, 232-33, passim; and Sikhs, 194, and
architecture,
246-47; and painting, 249-50; and poets, 279
Jahan Soz, 30-31
Jahiz, 17
Jains, 73, 160, 185, 227
Jaipal, 23, 24
Jaipur, 249, 263
Jaisi, 243
Jai Singh, Raja, 196-97
Jai Singh, of Jaipur, 263
Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khalji, 44, 61-62, 88,
99,
100, 116
Jala-ud-din Qazi, 53
Jala-ud-din Rumi Maulana, 114
Jalila, 77
Jamali, 77-78
Jamal-ud-din Mahmud, 153
Jama Masjid, 247, 288
Jami, 117
Janjira, Sidi of, 219
Jaswant Singh, 183
Jats, 9, 12, 26, 58, 70, 267-68, 287
Jaunpur, 75, 77, 79, 82-84 passim, 93,
119, 137,
138, 140-41, 143, 160, 279
Javed Khan, 266
Jesuits, 160, 161, 166, 220, 235
Jihad, 82, 265, 281-82, 283, 285
Jizya, 5, 74, 84, 95-96, 144, 148, 172,
198,
233, 257
Junaidi, 48-51 passim, 92
Jurisprudence, 114, 239
Justice, in the sultanate, 91, 99-103; in
provinces,
105-6; British, in India, 292
Kaaba, 3
Kabir, 126-32 passim, 243, 295
Kabul, 19, 22, 30, 63, 78, 136, 141, 142,
145,
148, 161, 182, 192, 193, 247, 248, 259, 260, 267
Kaiqubad, 60, 116
Kaksa, 10
Kalinjar, 24-25, 43
Kalyani, 183
Kam Bakhsh, Prince, 206
Kampili, 72, 73
Kamran, 138
Kanauj, 24-25, 30, 37, 39, 40, 119, 137,
138
Kangra, 25, 29, 75, 169, 176, 233
Kankalah, 17
Karachi, 6, 225-26
Karamat Ali Maulvi, 285-86
Karnal, 38, 259
Kashmir, 8, 12, 32, 84, 146, 164,
177,
181, 232, 236, 250, 252; culture of, 79, 118-19, 225, 245-47 passim, 251
Kathiawar, 73, 78
Kavi rai, 149, 243
Khafi Khan, 207-8, 242
Khajuha, 184
Khalid-al-Barmaki, 15
Khalil Ullah Khan, 183-84
Khaljis, 38, 41, 61-69, 82, 107, 148
Khandesh, 83-84, 146, 181
Khan-i-Azam, 166-67, 178
Khan-i-Dauran, 259
Khan-i-Jahan, 107
Khan-i-saman, 213-14
Khan Jahan, 93
Khan Jahan Lodi, 180
Kharaj, 94, 96
Khattak tribe, 193
Khawaja Shah Mansur, 160
Khiyal, 119, 251, 252, 262-63
Khizr Khan, 76, 116
Khokhars, 25, 40, 58
Khurasan, 19, 22, 23, 34, 45, 68, 110, 258
Khurram, Prince, 176, 177, 179-80
Khushal Khan Khattak, 193
Khusrau, son of Jahangir, 175, 178 185,
194
Khusrau, Malik, 31
Khusrau Amir, 98, 107, 112, 115-18 passim
Khusrau Khan, 69, 117
Khusrau Quli, 249
Khwaja Abdul Samad, 248, 249
Khwaja Ahmed Hasan Maimandi, 33
Khwaja Baqi Billah, 166-68 passim, 172
Khwajah Abdus Samad, 142
Khwaja Jahan Sarvar-ul-Mulk, 93
Khwaja Muhammad Masum, 170-71
Khwaja Muhazzab-ud-din, 92
Khwaja Mansur, 151, 210
Khwaja Muin-ud-din, 156
Khwaja Qutb-ud-din, 124
Khwarizm, 22, 26, 43, 44
Khyber pass, 38, 161
Kingship, theories of, 89-90, 93, 150-51
Kirman, 22, 33
Koh-i-Nur, 63-64
Konkan coast, 20-21
Kotwal, 163, 214, 221, 226
Kufri, 167
Kurds, 33
Kurukshetra, 171
Ladi, Rani, 7
Lahore: Ghaznavids and, 18, 20,
25, 26,
28-31 passim, 33-36 passim, 92, 241; Ghuris and, 37-38, 40; Mongols
and,
44, 58-59; Sultanate and, 50; Muslim conquest of, and Hindus, 108;
tradition
of, and Delhi, 112; Mughals and, 136, 137, 141, 145-46 passim, 186,
225,
238, 246-47, 289; Qulich Khan of, 166-67; conquest by Nadir Shah, 259;
conquest by Marathas, 266
Lakshmansena, Raja, 40
Lalitaditya, 32
Lal Kunwar, 256
Lalluji Lal, 291
Land revenue: in Delhi Sultanate,
65-67
passim, 94, 109, 182; in Mughal empire, 139-40, 149, 178, 214-17, 227-28
Languages: in regional kingdoms,
79-80,
83, 118-19, 125, 204, 261, and literature in Mughal empire, 243-45;
rise
of new Indian, under British, 291-92
Law: Islamic, 48, 74, 89-90,
99-103 passim,
111; in Mughal empire, 157-60 passim, 185, 189, 198-200, 205, 207-8,
220-22
passim, 234-35, 281; schools of, 265; and British, 277-78, 292; Turkish
influence on, 295
Libraries, 112-13, 241
Literature: in Delhi Sultanate,
68-69,
83, 112-13, 115-18, 120; in Mughal empire, 151-55 passim, 241-45,
279-81
passim
Lodi dynasty, 77-78, 84, 93, 121-22
Logic, 114, 154, 232, 238-40 passim
Lucknow, 78, 123, 248, 252, 279-80
Ma'bar, 72-73
Ma'dan-ul-Sharifa (Miyan Bhuva), 78
Madras, 20-21, 214, 225-26
Madrasa 49, 113-15, 239, 263
Madura, 64, 73
Maghs, 176, 184, 219
Mahabat Khan, 186
Mahabharata, 118, 173
Mahadaji Sindhia, 270-73 passim
Mahadwi movement, 140-41
Maham Anaga, 143-44, 240
Mahipal, 29
Mahmud, of Ghazni, 14, 23-28 passim,
30-33 passim,
37, 87, 131, 148
Mahmud Tughluq, 75, 76
Majumdar, R.C., 9, 191, 294
Makhdum-ul-Mulk, 141, 156-58 passim
Makran, 7, 146
Malabar, 21, 124, 132
Maladhar Vasu, 118
Malik Hisam-ud-din Aghul Bak, 39
Maliki, 265
Malik Kafur, 61, 63-64, 69
Malik Shadi, 92-93
Malik Shah, Sultan, 30
Malik-ul-wazara, 92-93
Malwa, 37, 62, 63, 79, 83-84, 138, 144,
197,
233, 251, 263
Mamluk Ali Maulana, 280-81
Manka, 15-16
Manrique, Father, 235-36, 241
Mansabs, Mansabdars, 98, 178, 190, 191,
211-13,
217-18
Man Singh, 144, 148-49, 151, 165, 178
Man Singh, Raja of Gwalior, 120, 252
Mansur, 14
Mansura, 14, 17, 18-19
Manucci, Nicolo, 229, 231, 236
Marathas, 64, 83; language, 83,
119 232;
religion, 128-29; and Aurangzeb, 195-97, 205, 206, 218; and Mughal
empire,
258, 260, 266-67, 275, 279, 287; and British, 270-73 passim, 277
Marriage customs, 260
Marshall, Sir John, 121
Masud I of Ghazni, 26, 28-29, 33
Masud II of Ghazni, 30
Masud III, 30, 34
Masudi, 17, 18-19
Masud Razi, 34
Masud Sa'ad Salman, 34-35
Mathematics, 15, 26, 27, 119, 239
Mathura, 158, 165, 170, 198, 233
Maudud, 29-30
Mawara-un-Nahr, 22
Mazhar, 244-45
Mecca, 3, 4, 140, 144, 201, 263, 274,
282, 283
Medicine: Indian, 15-16; in Delhi
Sultanate,
78, 115; in Mughal empire, 154, 228-30
Medina, 4, 5, 263
Mediterranean Sea, 110
"Mental sciences," 155, 238
Merchants, Hindu, 226-28
Mewar, 84, 137, 176, 258
Mewatis, 58
Mian Bhuwa, 115
Mian Mir, 187
Minhaj-us-Siraj, 43, 49, 51, 53, 90,
101-2, 105,
118
Mir, 244-45
Mir bakhshi, 99, 209-10, 211
Mir Fathulla Shirazi, 210
Mir Jafar, 268, 269, 272
Mir Jumla, 190-91, 219
Mir Madan, 269
Mir Qasim, 269, 272
Mir Saman, 209
Mir Sayyid Ali, 142, 248
Mirza Haider, 233
Mirza Hakim, 145, 160
Mir Zahid, 205
Mirza Jan, 154
Mirza Jani Beg, 146
Mirza Mehdi Ali Khan Nawab, 229
Mirza Nuhammad, 268; see also
Siraj-ud-daula,
268
Mirza Salih, 233
Miskin, 128
Missionaries, 21, 61, 124, 125, 283 ff.,
295
Money-lenders, Hindu, 109-10
Mongols: invasions, 36, 43-45, 55,
56,
59, 63, 68, 70, 79, 106, 108, 116, 122, 124; effect on culture, 41-42,
112, 114, 120, 153; and religion, 64
Monserrate, Father, 161, 220, 225, 235
Moreland, W.H., 94, 125
Mosques, 64, 69, 120, 245-47 passim,
287-88
Muawiyah, 5
Muazzam, see Bahadur Shah
Mubarak Shah, 69
Mughis-ud-din, qazi, 88, 100-1
Muhammad, 3-4
Muhammad, Prince, 116
Muhammad Amin Khan, governor of Kabul, 192
Muhammad Amin Khan, wazir, 257
Muhammad Aquil, 207
Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, 40, 41,
80, 113-14
Muhammad bin Mansur, 116
Muhammad Farrukhsiyar, 256-57, 262
Muhammad Ghuri, 14, 26, 31, 32, 37-43
passim,
45, 46, 76, 86, 96-97, 101
Muhammad ibn Qasim, 7-12, 14, 18, 20, 39,
48,
105, 106, 108, 164, 199, 265
Muhammad Qasim Maulana, 280
Muhammad Iwaz, 52-53
Muhammad Khan, 59, 60
Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah, Sultan, 244
Muhammad Shah, 252, 257-62 passim
Muhammad Tughluq, 70, 72-74, 82,
106,
107, 115, administration of, 93; coinage of, 97; and provincial
administration,
104-5; and architecture, 121
Muhammad Yazdi Mullah, 160
Muhandis, 188
Muhazzab-ud-din, 52-53
Muhibullah Bihari, 205
Muiz-ud-din Muhammad, 31
Muiz-ul-Mulk, 160
Muizziya, 113
Muizz-ud-din-Bahram, 52-53
Mujaddid Alif Sani, 167; see also Shaikh
Ahmad
Mujaddidiya revival, 170
Mulla Abul Hakim, 185
Mullah Shah, 187
Multan, 8, 10, 14, 40, 55, 74, 108, 116,
186;
Arab relations, 17-20; occupation by Muhammad Ghuri, 37-38; kingdom of,
83-84
Mumtaz Mahal, 176, 240-41
Munir, 186
Muqaddam, 105, 109, 214
Muqtis, 104
Murad, 182, 183-84
Muridi, 161-62
Murshidabad, 205, 227, 269, 293
Murshid Quli Khan, 208, 262, 268
Musa, 12, 15
Music: in Delhi Sultanate, 16-17,
67-68,
78, 108, 113, 117, 119-20, 125; in regional centers, 79-80, 84, 279; in
Mughal empire, 142, 149, 157, 184, 190, 198, 202, 251-53, 262-63
Mustaufi, 91
Mutahar, 114
Mutamid Khan, 229
Mu'tazalis, 264
Mysore, 123-24
Mysticism, 16, 114, 123, 130, 286, 295
Nadir Quli, 258; see also Nadir Shah
Nadir Shah, 218, 222, 244, 249, 258-60,
262,
279, 287
Nadiya, 39-40, 41, 80
Naib, 92, 210
Najaf Khan, 270
Najd Desert, 265
Najib-ud-daula, 267-68, 270
Najm-ud-din Abu Bakr, 54
Namadeva, 128-29
Nanak, 126, 127, 129-32 passim, 193
Naqshbandi movement, 166, 167, 170
Nasiriya Madrasa, 113, 120
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, 54, 55-56, 101
Nasir-ud-din Qabacha, 40, 43
Navy, in Mughal empire, 219, 274
Nawasa Shah, 24
Nawayat communities, 20-21
Nayak Mahmud, 120
Naziri, 241, 242
Nazr (gift), 278
Nimat Khan Ali, 170-71
Nirun, 8, 17
Nishapur, 29, 42
Nizam Shahis, 83, 181, 196
Nizam-ud-din Auliya, 117
Nizam-ud-din Bakshi, 78, 151
Nizam-ud-din Mulla, 205, 239
Nizam-ul-Mulk, Chin Qilich Khan, 208,
257-62
passim, 266, 280
Noakali, 285
Northwest frontier, 182, 192-93, 201
Nur Jahan, 175-79 passim, 185, 186, 202,
210,
246-47, 275
Nur-ud-din Mubarik Ghaznavi, 88
Nusrati, 244
Nusrat Shah, 83
Octroi, 189-90
Ordnance, 209-10
Ottoman empire, 103, 170, 245-46
Oudh, 39, 43, 65, 112, 116; and
Mughal
painting, 250; musicians, 252; regional kingdom, 259, 261, 269-70, 273,
278, 279, 287
Ovington, John, 228, 236-37
Painting: in Delhi Sultanate, 119; in
Mughal
empire, 142, 149, 184, 202, 246, 248-50, 263
Pakistan, 66, 217, 265, 286
Pala dynasty, 124
Pan, 108
Panchayats, 214, 220, 221, 226, 227, 234,
235
Panchtantra, 16
Pandua, 79, 83
Panipat: first battle of (1526),
78, 84,
98, 137; second battle of (1556), 143; third battle of (1761), 267
Paper industry, 110, 111
Pargana, 105, 139, 215, 216
Parsis, 160, 163
Pathans, 131, 172, 193-95 passim, 231, 282
Patna, 137, 225, 256, 282, 285, 288
Patwari, 217
Patyali, 58-59
Peacock Throne, 260
Pearl Mosque, 247
Pelsaert, Francisco, 236
Persia, see Iran
Persian influence: in Lahore, 36;
on political
theory and practice, 46, 89-90, 93, 211; on literature and language
during
Delhi Sultanate, 68, 78, 83, 84, 103, 114, 118, 122, 128-29; on
textiles,
110-11, 225; on music, 119; on architecture, 120; on literature and
language
during Mughal empire, 142, 148, 154-55, 161, 173, 185, 186, 195, 204,
240-45
passim; 291, 292; on architecture, 246, 247; on painting, 248-50
passim;
general, 295
Peshawar, 22-25 passim, 29, 38, 108, 192,
193,
259, 282
Peshwa, 267
Pirates, 191, 192, 219
Pir Baba, 172
Pir Bodhan, 119
Pir Shams Tabriz, 124
Plassey, 269, 272, 292-93
Poetry: in Ghaznavid period,
34-36; in
Delhi Sultanate, 68-69, 83, 107, 112-13, 115-17, 125, 128-29; in Mughal
empire, 149, 151-53, 195, 202, 204, 240-45 passim, 279-81 passim; see
also
Hindi; Persian; Urdu
Political theory: of Delhi
Sultanate,
86-88; of Mughal empire, 234-37 passim
Poll tax, 96
Polo, 108, 231
Polo, Marco, 32
Portuguese, 85, 180-81, 191, 200, 218,
219, 235,
274
Postal service, 5, 66-67
Price controls, 65-66, 110, 226
Printing, 241, 273-74
Prithvi Raj, 38-39, 105
Provinces, administration of:
under the
Sultanate, 103-6; during the Mughal empire, 213-14
Public works, 75, 99, 214
Punjab, 28, 55, 77, 183, 233, 246,
261,
262, 289; Arabs in, 8, 22; Ghaznavids in, 24, 29-30, 34; Muhammad Ghuri
in, 38, 40; during Delhi Sultanate, 43, 63, 74, 78, 104; under Mughal
empire,
136, 137, 143, 145-46, 175, 184; Sikhs in, 194-95, 254
Purdah, 230
Pushtu literature, 193, 245
Qadri order, 128
Qandahar, 19, 138, 146, 177, 181-82, 186,
258-59
Qanungo, K.R., 66-67
Qara Khitai Turks, 40
Qasim Khan of Bengal, 181
Qazi-i-mumalik, 100
Qazis, 99-101, 113, 207, 214, 220, 221,
239
Quran, 3-5 passim, 17, 69, 96, 114, 153,
154,
158-59, 167, 239, 264
Qureshi, I.H., 94, 105
Qutaiba ibn Muslim, 22
Qutb Minar, 49, 120
Qutb Shahis, of Golkonda, 83
Qutb-ud-din HusaiR, 54
Qutb-ud-din Khan Koka, 160, 175
Qutb-ud-din Mubarik Shah, 116-17
Qutb-ud-din Muhammad, 30
Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, 49, 120
Raghunath Rai, Raja, 211
Rai Chandra Bhan Brahman, 185
Raihan, Imad-ud-din, 56
Rai, Raghunath, 185
Rai Rayan, 63
Raiyatwari, 215, 216
Rajaram, 197
Rajasthan, 63; see also Rajputana
Rajatarangini, 118-19
Rajmahal, 176, 205
Rajputana, 25, 84, 138, 144-45, 254, 258
Rajputs, 24, 25, 33, 38, 59, 112;
and
Mughals, 138, 140, 144, 148, 149, 158, 176, 185, 236, 259, 272
Ramadan, 3, 4, 172
Ramananda, 126
Ramayana, 118, 173
Ramchandra, Raja
Ram Mohan Roy, 278
Ram Singh, Raja, 140
Rana Sanga, 84, 137
Ranjit Singh, 247
Ranthambhor, 43, 55, 63, 115, 144-45
Raushan Akhtar, 257; see also Muhammad
Shah
Raushaniya sect, 145-46, 172, 182, 193,
235
Raushan-ud-daulah, 239
Rawalpindi, 29, 192
Rawat-i-arz, 92, 116
Raychaudhuri, T.K., 230
Raziyya, 46, 50-52, 55, 89, 92
Red Fort, 247, 277
Red Sea, 110, 219
Refugees, from Mongols, 41-42, 45, 114,
120-21
124
Religion: and Delhi Sultanate,
88-90,
113-15 passim, 123-32; and Akbar, 144, 145, 148-49, 151, 153n, 156-65;
orthodox reaction to Akbar, 166-74; and Dara Shukoh, 187-88; and
Aurangzeb,
189-90, 198-200, 204, 207-8; and education, in Mughal empire, 238-39;
in
late Mughal empire, 263-65, 280-82; British policy on, 292-93
Revenue, land: Sher Shah's
reforms in,
139-40; in Mughal empire, 178, 182, 227-28
Revenue systems: of Delhi
Sultanate, 94-96;
and provincial administration, of the sultanate, 104; and Mughal
empire,
154, 191, 198, 205, 209, 213, 214-17, 257-58, 261-62
Revivalism: Islamic, 170, 185,
204, 283-86,
295, 296; Hindu, 232
Revolt, Indian (1857-58), 286-90
Reza, 49-50, 116
Roads, 140, 213-14, 223
Roe, Sir Thomas, 179, 224, 249-50, 274
Rohilkhand, 55, 261
Rohilla Afghans, 270
Rohri, 8, 14, 43
Rudaki, 23
Ruhani, 115
Rukn-ud-din Firuz, 50-51
Rumi, 204
Rumi, Abul Farz, 34
Saadullah Khan, 184, 186, 187, 211
Sacha Badshah, 194
Sachau, E.C., 27, 28, 31-32
Sadarang, 262-63
Sadri-i-Jahan, 92, 100, 113, 167, 209-10,
214
Sadr-ud-din Arif, 102, 154
Sadr-ul-sadur, 143, 156
Safavids, 250, 258
Safdar Jang, 248, 266
Sahib-i-barid, 91
Saif Khan (Fakirullah), 252
Saif-ud-daula Mahmud, 34-35
Saif-ud-din, 30
Salim, Prince, see Jahangir
Salima Sultana, 240-41
Saljuq Turks, 29, 30, 31, 34
Sama, 101, 102-3
Samana, 116, 172
Samanids, 22-23
Samarqand, 22, 34, 75, 79, 136, 154, 186,
250
Samugarh, 183, 256
Sangreza, 115, 116
Sanskrit, translations of, 15-17, 20,
26-27,
33, 75, 83, 84, 115, 117-19 passim, 188, 232, 245, 291, 292
"Saracens," 32-33
Sar-i-khail, 98
Sarkar, Sir Jadunath, 191, 194, 218
Sarkar, 139-40, 214, 215
Sarmad, 188
Sarpanch, 214
Satgaon, 80, 226
Sati, 163, 189, 236-37, 291
Sauda, 244-45
Sayyid, caste, 131
Sayyid brothers, Husain Ali and Hasan
Ali, 256-57
Sayyid Ahmed Brelvi 281-83, 285
Sayyid Ahmed Khan, Sir, 265, 290
Sayyid Ali Shah Tirmiz, 172
Sayyid Maula, 100
Sayyid Muhammad Jaunpuri, 140-41
Sayyid Nur-ud-din Mubarik, 101
Sayyids, 76, 77, 173-74
"School of Manners," 242
Science: Indian, 15-16; study of,
in Delhi
Sultanate, 112-15 passim; study of, in Mughal empire, 238-39
Sena dynasty, 124
Sepoy Mutiny, 286-91
Sewand Rai, 33
Shafii, 265
Shah Abdul Aziz, 265, 280, 281, 285, 289
Shah Alam, 267, 269-73 passim, 278
Shahbaz Khan Kamboth, 160
Shahdara, 177, 246-47
Shah Ismail, 281
Shah Ismail Ghazi, 82
Shah Ismail Shahid, 265
Shah Jahan, 180-88, 191, 196;
administration
of, 199, 210-14 passim, 218; and culture, 202, 247-48, 250, 251, 275;
and
position of Hindus, 231-32, 234-36
Shah Jalal, 82
Shahji, 129, 196
Shahji of Admadnagar, 83
Shah Mansur, 216
Shah Muhammad, 265-68
Shah Muhibullah, 185
Shahryar, 177
Shah Sharif, 129
Shah Turkan, 51
Shahu, 197
Shah Waliullah, 169, 170, 204, 263-65,
280, 283,
286, 289, 296
Shaida, 186
Shaikh, caste, 131
Shaikh Abdul Haq Muhaddis, 89, 238
Shaikh Abdullah, 141
Shaikh Abdul Nabi, 156-58 passim
Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, 167-74 passim,
204, 234
Shaikh Alai, 141
Shaikh Ala-ud-din (Islam Khan), 176
Shaikh Budhan, 128
Shaikh Farid, 99, 166, 172, 178, 211
Shaikh Ibrahim, 103
Shaikh Mohammad Ghaus, 251
Shaikh Mubarik, 153n, 158
Shaikh Saif-ud-din, 171
Shaikh Salim Chishti, 145, 156
Shaikh Taqi, 126
Shaikh-ul-Islam (Makhdum-ul-Mulk), 157
Shambhuji, 197
Shams-ud-din Firuz, 80, 82
Shams-ul-Mulk, 113
Sharaf-ud-daulah, 239
Shariat, 89, 100, 111, 207
Sharifji, 129
Sharqi kings, 82
Shayista Khan, 183-84, 191, 196, 200-1,
208,
219
Sher Afghan, 175, 177
Sher Khan Sunqar, 59
Sher Shah (Sher Khan Suri, Sher Khan Sur,
Sher
Shah Adil, Sher Khan), 83, 94, 137-41 passim, 148, 223
Shia sect, 6, 143, 160, 164, 168, 172,
255, 264-66
passim, 296
Shiq, 105
Shiqqdar, 139
Shiraz, 7, 10, 36, 186, 241
Shirzad, 30, 34
Shivaji, 83, 129, 196, 219
Shuja Shah, 183-84, 200
Shuja-ud-daula, 269-70, 272
Shurta courts, 99
Sialkot, 38, 167, 238, 260
Sikandar Lodi, 77-78, 93, 95, 154
Sikhs, 127, 129, 172, 175, 233;
and Aurangzeb,
193-95, 200; and conquest of Punjab, 246, 247, 254-56 passim, 260, 262,
267-68, 271-72, 276; and Sayyid Ahmed, 265, 281-83 passim
Silk industry, 224, 225
Sinan, 245-46
Sind: and Arabs, 6-22 passim, 26,
36,
48, 105, 108, 109, 111, 119, 130, 164, 199; and Delhi Sultanate, 43,
55,
73, 84; and Mughal empire, 138, 146, 184, 262; and Sindhi language,
245,
292
Sindhia, 277, 278-79
Sipah salar, 98, 213
Siraj-ud-daula, 268, 269
Sirhind, 76, 77, 167-69 passim, 255, 261,
266
Sisakar, 10
Slave Kings, 40-41, 45, 60, 61, 101, 109
Smith, Vincent, 160-61
Sobha Singh, 205
Somnath, 14, 25-26, 234
Sonargaon, 79, 80, 82, 140
Southeast Asia, 21, 110, 224
Spear, Percival, 277-78, 279
Spice trade, 6, 21, 108
Sports, 108, 228
Srikara Nadi, 118
Suba, 79, 215
Subahdar, 213
Subuktigin, 23, 24
Succession, in Mughal empire, 275-76
Sufism: in Delhi Sultanate, 16,
35-36,
46, 61, 68, 101, 119, 124, 125, 126; in Mughal empire, 163-64, 179,
185,
187-88, 243, 244, 263, 264, 284, 286; in Bengal, 173, 283
Sugar industry, 110, 111
Sukhpal, 24
Sukkur, 43
Sulh-i-kul, 148-49
Sulaiman, 8
Sultan, power of, 89-90, 99, 100, 151
Sunni sect, 6, 14, 90, 164, 172, 264,
266, 281
Suraj Mal, 268
Surat, 200, 201, 219, 225, 226, 228, 235
Sur dynasty, 142, 143, 156
Sushruta, 15
Syed Ahmed Khan, Sir, 280
Syed Jalal, 124
Sylhet, 80, 82
Tabriz, 79, 142, 251
Tafsir, 114, 155, 239
Tahmasp, 142
Taimur Shah, 266, 267
Tajiks, 41, 48, 51, 55, 241
Tajikistan, 204, 241-42
Taj Mahal, 186-87, 188, 202, 247
Talib, 241
Tansen, 251
Taqavi, 228
Tara Bai, 197
Tarain, 25, 38-39, 40, 41
Tatar Khan, 103
Tavernier, Jean, 236
Tawbar Muslims, 284
Taxation: in Delhi Sultanate, 5,
65-66,
67, 74, 94-96, 110; in Mughal empire, 144, 189-90, 198, 200, 207,
214-17,
234
Tegh Bahadur, 194
Tehsils, 215
Telingana, 93, 107, 181
Temples, destruction of, 25, 31-32,
198-99, 232-35
passim
Textile industry, 110-11, 223-25 passim
Thanesar, 25, 29, 30
Thatta, 73, 146, 247
Tilak, 29, 33
Timur, 75, 76, 84, 94, 98, 136, 153
Timurid rulers, 223
Tinnevelly, 20-21
Tipu, Sultan, 123-24
Tirhut, 39, 70, 82
Todar Mal, 140, 148-49, 151, 153-54, 178,
210,
216
Trade: Indian-Arab, 6, 18-19,
20-21; in
Ghaznavid period, 32; in Delhi Sultanate, 109, 110, 140; in Mughal
empire,
179-80, 223-24, 226-27, 231, 232, 269-70; and East India Company, 200-1
Translations, of Sanskrit, 75, 83,
84,
118-19, 188; into English, 86-87, 102, 153n, 161-62; into Persian, 117,
242, 264
Transoxiana, 22, 34, 44, 63
Tripathi, R.R., 94
Tughlaq Nama, 117
Tughluq dynasty, 69, 76, 89,
99-100, 103,
107; administrative policy of, 92-93; and architecture, 121
Tughril, 80
Tukaram, 128, 129
Tulasidas, 243
Turanis, 149, 178, 257, 266
Turkistan, 32-33, 225, 241
Turkmans, Ghuzz, 31
Turks in India, in Ghazni, 18,
22-36;
and Delhi Sultanate, 40, 41, 46-48, 51-55 passim, 60, 61, 70, 76, 82,
86,
90, 107-9 passim, 131; and cuture, 117, 119, 142, 242, 295; and Mughal
empire, 136, 148, 170
Tuti Namah, 11
Uch, 37-38, 43, 124
Ujjain, 24-25, 63, 183, 233, 263
Ulama, role of, 89, 102, 103, 157-60
passim,
164, 199, 239, 255, 279, 280
Umar, 4-5, 11
Umayyads, 5, 6, 12, 14, 18, 89-90
Urdu, 80, 204, 243-45, 252, 262, 263,
264, 289,
291
Urfi, 241, 242
Usman, 5
Ustad Isa, 186-87, 188
Uttar Pradesh, 32
Uzbegs, 136, 145-46, 149, 182
Vairagis, 233
Vaishnavites, 129-30, 165, 170, 283
Vajraditya, 32
Vakil, 210
Vindhyas, 62, 73
Vishnu, 129
Wahhabism, 170, 264, 265, 282-86 passim,
296
Waihind, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25
Wakil-i-dar, 91
Wakil-i-sultanat, 93
Wali, 204, 244
Walid, 6-7, 8
Walis, 104
Waqf, 65
Warangal, 63-64, 70, 73
Wasi, 255
Wazir, role of, 91-93, 98, 104, 209-11
passim,
257-58
Wazir Khan, 255
West Pakistan, 17, 20, 26, 33-36, 38, 124
Yahya, 118
Yahya the Barmakid, 12, 15
Yaqub ibn Lais, 22
Yezdegerd, 22
Yildiz, 43
Yusufzais, 145-46, 182, 193, 282
Zabita Khan, 270
Zafar Khan, 250
Zafar Khan Ghazi, 82
Zahuri, 242
Zain-ul-Abidin, 79, 84, 118, 164
Zakariya Khan, 262
Zakat, 95-96
Zamindars, 176, 284, 287
Zeb-un-Nissa, 240-41
Zia Muhammad, 115
Zimmis, 11, 17, 48, 96, 111
Zinat-ul-Masjid, 288
Ziya Nakhshabi, 117
Zulfiqar Khan, 206, 255-56 passim
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