Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students
assembled from years of classroom notes by FWP, 2006-09
*script chart*; *positional chart*; *more help*
*INTRODUCTION*
0.1 The letters
0.2 Connectors and non-connectors
0.3 A word about diacritics
0.4 A note about these notes
0.5 A tribute to Devanagari
*SECTION
ONE*
1.1 The letter alif
1.2 The letter alif
madd
1.3 The be series
1.4 The letter nuun
1.5 The letter chho;Tii
ye
*SECTION
TWO*
2.1 The jiim
series
2.2 The letter vaa))o
*SECTION
THREE*
3.1 The daal
series
3.2 The re series
3.3 The letter ba;Rii
ye
*SECTION
FOUR*
4.1 The letters siin
and shiin
4.2 The letter .svaad
4.3 The letter .zvaad
4.4 The letter :to))e
4.5 The letter :zo))e
*SECTION
FIVE*
5.1 Diacritics -- zer,
zabar, and pesh
5.2 Diacritics -- the jazm
5.3 Diacritics -- the tashdiid
5.4 Diacritics -- the i.zaafat
*SECTION
SIX*
6.1 The letters kaaf
and gaaf
6.2 The letter laam
*SECTION
SEVEN*
7.1 The letter fe
7.* The letter qaaf
7.3 The letter miim
7.4 The letter ((ain
7.5 The letter ;Gain
*SECTION
EIGHT*
8.1 The letter chho;Tii
he
8.2 The phantom vowel "eh"
8.3 The phantom vowel "oh"
8.4 The mysteries of yih
and vuh
*SECTION
NINE*
9.1 The letter nuun-e
;Gunnah
9.2 The nasalizer diacritic
9.3 Nasalization
*SECTION
TEN*
10.1 The letter do-chashmii
he
10.2 Aspiration
10.3 About pronunciation
*SECTION
ELEVEN*
11.1 The "letter" hamzah
11.2 The word jur))at
and other cases
*SECTION
TWELVE*
12.1
The diacritic kha;Raa zabar
12.2 The construction tanviin
12.3 The letter alif-e
maq.suurah
12.4
The letter vaa))o-e ma((duulah
*SECTION
THIRTEEN*
13.1 The abjad
(chronogram) system
13.2 Examples of taari;x
composition
*SECTION
FOURTEEN*
14.1 The shamsii
and qamarii letters
14.2 About transliteration
*SECTION
FIFTEEN*
15.1 Computer-generated script
15.2 Script-reading problems
*SECTION
SIXTEEN*
16.1 Recognizing word sources
16.2 From Hindi to Urdu: the changes
16.3 Common Arabic forms
*SECTION
SEVENTEEN*
17.1 Simplicity will take you far
17.2 In praise of postpositions
17.3 Possessed by postpositions
17.4 Compelled by postpositions
*SECTION
EIGHTEEN*
18.1 Sentence organizers
*SECTION
NINETEEN*
19.1 Some translation problems
19.2 Direct discourse and kih
19.3 Do the tenses really correspond?
19.4 Other common confusions
*SECTION
TWENTY*
20.1 Transitive and intransitive verbs
20.2 The two great rules of the passive
*SECTION
TWENTY-ONE*
21.1 Probably --the presumptive
21.2 Perhaps --the subjunctive
21.3 If only! --the contrafactual
*SECTION
TWENTY-TWO*
22.1 The private lives of participles
22.2 Participle avoidance syndrome
*SECTION
TWENTY-THREE*
23.1 Those annoying compound verbs
23.2 The modals and other odd fish
23.3 A newly evolving verb form
