Wars, 1840s-80s
The expansion of liberalism, free trade, free labor and
the consolidation of territorial nation states.
- Opium Wars (West vs. China) 1839-42, 1856-60, 1884-85
- Taiping Rebellion (China) 1851-64 & rebellions through
1870s
2 million battle deaths, and up to 30 million total deaths.
- Crimean War (Russia vs. Ottoman, England, France) 1853-56
264,000 battle deaths.
- Sepoy Rebellion (India) 1857-9
- Italian Unification 1859-71
- U.S. Civil War 1861-65
650,000 battle deaths.
- German Unification (inc. Denmark, Austria, France) 1864-71
Inc. Franco Prussian War, 188,000 battle deaths, 3.5%
of French pop.
- War of Triple Alliance (Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina vs.
Paraguay) 1864-70
Up to 310,000 battle deaths, inc. 40% of Paraguayan pop.
& 10% of Brazilian pop.
- Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78
285,000 battle deaths, inc. 6% of Turkish population.
- Pacific War (Peru & Bolivia vs. Chile) 1879-83
35% of Peruvian population died.
- Continuing destruction of natives in Americas, Siberia
& Australia
- Continuing colonial wars and millenarian uprisings.