Policy Initiatives:

International

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

World organizations have implemented policies that include Egypt but whether laws are being enforced or not has been difficult to follow up on:

 

 

 

The Ozone Action Program
Supports the phasing-out of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in developing countries under the Montreal Protocol through its information clearinghouse and capacity-building services (4).

 

 

 

 

Kyoto Protocol

Egypt’s carbon emission levels have risen 21% since 1990, the baseline year for the Kyoto Protocol, but as a non-annex I country, Egypt is not obligated to curtail carbon emissions. Egypt has signed the protocol but has yet to ratify it (5)

 

 

 

Montreal Protocol - UNIDO

UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) is one of the four agencies of the Montreal protocol implementing the phaseout of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). UNIDO deals with eliminating the use of ODSs; they assist enterprises in converting technologies and adapting to alternate substances. Their mandate also includes assisting Egypt’s ozone authority in formulating state policy. Egypt is one of the beneficiaries of UNIDO’s programs to phase out chlorofluorocarbon CFC-11 and CFC-12 in refrigeration, and ODSs in the foam sector, among other pollutants (5).

 

 

 

 

Pollution Abatement Fund

In 1997 the World bank approved a loan for $ 20 million for a pilot project designed to help curb industrial pollution in greater Cairo; in brief, the loan will help strengthen monitoring and enforcement controls, industrial pollution abatement plans and will also be used to promote public awareness and education programs to increase participation of local communities and nongovernmental organizations in monitoring pollution control activities (7).

 

 

 

World Health Organization Guidelines for Air Quality

The Guidelines were established to help governments derive legally enforceable air quality standards and to guide the environmental health authorities and professionals who are trying to protect people from the harmful effects of environmental air pollution.