/* Hengda He | Academic website
   Columbia palette: https://visualidentity.columbia.edu/content/color
   Primary Blue #1D4F91; Columbia Blue #B9D9EB.
   No external stylesheets or web-font requests. Edit the tokens below to restyle. */
:root {
  --paper: #f7f9fc;
  --white: #ffffff;
  --ink: #172e4a;
  --muted: #526476;
  --blue: #1D4F91;
  --primary: #1D4F91;
  --primary-hover: #003087;
  --line: #d9e3ec;
  --soft: #edf3f9;
  --columbia-blue: #B9D9EB;
  --serif: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
  --sans: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif;
  --mono: "SFMono-Regular", Consolas, "Liberation Mono", monospace;
  --radius: 12px;
  --content: 1160px;
}
* { box-sizing: border-box; }
html { scroll-behavior: smooth; scroll-padding-top: 110px; }
body { margin: 0; background: var(--paper); color: var(--ink); font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.65; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; }
button, input { font: inherit; }
button, a, input { -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; }
button { cursor: pointer; }
img { display: block; max-width: 100%; }
a { color: inherit; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 4px; }
a:hover { color: var(--blue); }
button, a { touch-action: manipulation; }
h1, h2, h3, p, figure { margin: 0; }
h1, h2, h3 { font-weight: 400; }
h1, h2 { font-family: var(--serif); letter-spacing: -0.035em; }
h1 { font-size: clamp(44px, 5.15vw, 70px); line-height: 1.1; }
h2 { font-size: clamp(32px, 3.25vw, 43px); line-height: 1.18; }
h3 { line-height: 1.35; }
p + p { margin-top: 14px; }
strong { font-weight: 600; }
::selection { background: var(--columbia-blue); color: var(--ink); }
:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid #0077C8; outline-offset: 5px; border-radius: 3px; }
main:focus { outline: none; }
[hidden] { display: none !important; }
[id] { scroll-margin-top: 110px; }
.container { width: min(var(--content), calc(100% - 96px)); margin-inline: auto; }
.icon { flex: 0 0 auto; vertical-align: middle; }
.muted { color: var(--muted); }
.eyebrow { color: var(--blue); font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 11px; font-weight: 650; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: 0.135em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.sr-only { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding: 0; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0,0,0,0); white-space: nowrap; border: 0; }
.skip-link { position: fixed; top: -80px; left: 20px; padding: 12px 20px; background: var(--white); color: var(--ink); z-index: 100; box-shadow: 0 4px 20px #0002; }
.skip-link:focus { top: 15px; }
.site-header { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 30; background: rgba(247,249,252,.97); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); backdrop-filter: blur(12px); }
.header-inner { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; min-height: 90px; gap: 30px; }
.brand { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 13px; text-decoration: none; flex-shrink: 0; }
.brand-mark { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; width: 43px; height: 43px; border-radius: 10px 10px 2px 10px; background: var(--primary); color: var(--paper); font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1; letter-spacing: -3px; padding-right: 3px; }
.brand-mark span { font-size: 21px; transform: translateY(3px); }
.site-nav { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 28px; }
.site-nav > a { font-size: 13px; font-weight: 550; text-decoration: none; min-height: 44px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; position: relative; }
.site-nav > a[aria-current="page"] { color: var(--blue); }
.site-nav > a[aria-current="page"]::after { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 5px; height: 5px; background: currentColor; border-radius: 50%; left: calc(50% - 2.5px); bottom: 0; }
.menu-toggle { display: none; color: var(--ink); background: transparent; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 6px; padding: 8px 11px; gap: 7px; align-items: center; min-height: 44px; }
.hero-wrap { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.hero { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1.5fr) minmax(260px,.85fr); gap: 100px; align-items: center; padding-top: 56px; padding-bottom: 62px; }
.hero-copy > .eyebrow { margin-bottom: 20px; }
.hero h1 { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 17px; font-size: clamp(54px,6vw,82px); white-space: nowrap; }
.degree { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: .02em; font-weight: 400; color: var(--muted); }
.hero-role { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 16px; font-weight: 550; }
.hero-role span { display: block; font-size: 14px; color: var(--muted); font-weight: 400; }
.hero-tagline { font-size: clamp(27px,2.55vw,33px); line-height: 1.24; margin-top: 28px; }
.hero-bio { max-width: 590px; margin-top: 15px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75; }
.actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px 24px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 28px; }
.button { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 15px; padding: 12px 21px; min-height: 46px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; line-height: 1.5; border: 1px solid transparent; transition: background .18s, transform .18s; }
.button:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); }
.button-primary { background: var(--primary); color: var(--white); border-color: var(--primary); }
.button-primary:hover { background: var(--primary-hover); color: var(--white); }
.button-quiet { background: transparent; color: var(--ink); padding-inline: 6px; }
.button-quiet:hover { color: var(--blue); }
.button-light { background: var(--columbia-blue); color: var(--primary); white-space: nowrap; }
.button-light:hover { color: var(--primary); background: #dbeaf4; }
.profile-frame { position: relative; max-width: 325px; justify-self: end; width: 100%; margin-right: 16px; }
.profile-frame::before { content: ""; position: absolute; z-index: -1; top: -16px; left: 16px; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: 1px solid #B9D9EB; border-radius: 112px 12px 12px 12px; }
.profile-photo { overflow: hidden; border-radius: 104px 8px 0 0; background: #e2ecf4; height: 350px; }
.profile-photo picture, .profile-photo img { width: 100%; height: 100%; }
.profile-photo img { object-fit: cover; object-position: center 37%; }
.profile-frame figcaption { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; padding: 17px 20px; background: var(--primary); color: var(--white); border-radius: 0 0 8px 8px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4; }
.profile-frame figcaption small { display: block; color: #dbeaf4; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 4px; }
.location-dot { width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--columbia-blue); }
.section { padding-block: 64px; }
.section-heading { display: flex; align-items: flex-end; justify-content: space-between; gap: 24px; margin-bottom: 30px; }
.section-heading .eyebrow { margin-bottom: 10px; }
.section-note { color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; }
.text-link { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--blue); text-decoration: none; line-height: 1.5; padding-block: 6px; }
.text-link:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.text-link .icon { transition: transform .18s; }
.text-link:hover .icon { transform: translateX(3px); }
.news-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 15px; }
.news-card { background: var(--white); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 23px 24px 19px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; transition: border-color .18s, box-shadow .18s; }
.news-card:hover { border-color: #6CACE4; box-shadow: 0 4px 16px #1d4f9109; }
.news-meta { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: .05em; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.news-meta time { color: var(--muted); font-family: var(--mono); }
.news-meta > span { color: var(--blue); font-size: 9px; font-weight: 650; text-transform: uppercase; background: var(--soft); padding: 4px 7px; border-radius: 3px; }
.news-card h3 { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 22px; letter-spacing: -.025em; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.news-card p { color: var(--muted); font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 15px; }
.news-card .text-link { margin-top: auto; font-size: 11px; align-self: flex-start; }
.research-band { background: var(--primary); color: var(--paper); }
.research-band .eyebrow { color: #B9D9EB; }
.research-band .text-link { color: #B9D9EB; }
.research-band h2 { font-size: clamp(31px,3.15vw,42px); }
.research-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 32px; }
.research-card { position: relative; padding-top: 24px; border-top: 1px solid #6CACE4; padding-bottom: 46px; }
.card-number { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11px; color: #B9D9EB; }
.research-card h3 { font-family: var(--serif); letter-spacing: -.02em; font-size: 27px; line-height: 1.15; margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 14px; max-width: 300px; }
.research-card h3 a { text-decoration: none; }
.research-card h3 a:hover { color: #B9D9EB; }
.research-card p { color: #eef5fa; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.7; max-width: 320px; }
.research-arrow { display: inline-flex; color: #B9D9EB; padding: 8px 0; position: absolute; bottom: 0; }
.research-arrow:hover { color: var(--white); }
.featured-paper { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 80px minmax(0,1fr) 36px; gap: 25px; padding-block: 25px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.featured-paper:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.paper-year { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 12px; color: var(--blue); padding-top: 3px; }
.venue { color: var(--blue); font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: .11em; font-weight: 650; text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 9px; }
.featured-paper h3 { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.25; letter-spacing: -.02em; max-width: 875px; }
.featured-paper h3 a { text-decoration: none; }
.featured-paper h3 a:hover { text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 4px; }
.authors { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 10px; line-height: 1.65; }
.authors strong { color: var(--ink); }
.paper-arrow { width: 36px; height: 44px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: flex-end; }
.connect-section { padding-bottom: 62px; }
.connect-strip { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 35px; background: var(--soft); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 34px 40px; }
.connect-strip .eyebrow { margin-bottom: 6px; }
.connect-strip h2 { font-size: 37px; }
.connect-strip p:not(.eyebrow) { color: var(--muted); font-size: 14px; margin-top: 9px; }
.connect-strip .button-light { background: var(--primary); color: var(--white); }
.connect-strip .button-light:hover { background: var(--primary-hover); }
.site-footer { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-block: 32px; background: var(--paper); }
.footer-inner { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.2fr 1fr .75fr; align-items: start; gap: 25px; }
.footer-name { text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -.025em; }
.footer-name span { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 10px; color: var(--muted); }
.site-footer p { color: var(--muted); font-size: 10px; margin-top: 5px; }
.footer-contact { padding-top: 2px; }
.footer-contact a { font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; }
.footer-contact a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.footer-meta { text-align: right; }
.footer-meta p:first-child { margin-top: 2px; }
.page-intro { padding-top: 70px; padding-bottom: 56px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.page-intro > .eyebrow { margin-bottom: 20px; }
.page-lead { max-width: 720px; font-size: 17px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.8; margin-top: 23px; }
.page-intro .actions { margin-top: 19px; }
.section-nav { display: flex; gap: 12px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 29px; }
.section-nav a { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; font-size: 12px; padding: 8px 14px; border: 1px solid #b8cbdc; border-radius: 30px; text-decoration: none; }
.section-nav a:hover { background: var(--soft); }
.research-detail { padding-block: 57px; display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1.35fr) minmax(0,.9fr); gap: 80px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.research-detail-copy h2 { font-size: 37px; margin-top: 13px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 500px; }
.research-detail-copy > p:not(.eyebrow) { font-size: 15px; color: var(--muted); }
.research-detail-copy .research-question { color: var(--ink) !important; font-size: 18px !important; font-weight: 550; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 13px; }
.tag-list { list-style: none; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 7px; margin: 24px 0 0; }
.tag-list li { font-size: 10px; color: var(--blue); background: var(--soft); padding: 5px 10px; border-radius: 4px; }
.related-work { align-self: center; background: var(--white); padding: 25px 27px; border-radius: var(--radius); border: 1px solid var(--line); }
.related-work ul { padding: 0; list-style: none; margin: 0; }
.related-work li { margin-top: 20px; }
.related-work li + li { padding-top: 18px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.related-work li span { display: block; color: var(--muted); font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 6px; }
.related-work a { display: inline; font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.4; text-decoration: none; }
.related-work a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.related-work .icon { margin-left: 5px; }
.methods-band { padding-block: 43px 52px; }
.methods-band h2 { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: .01em; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.methods-band p { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
.methods-band span { padding: 0 12px; color: #879fb4; }
.publications-container { max-width: 1050px; }
.publication-tools { padding-block: 27px 9px; }
.search-field label { display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 550; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.search-field > div { display: flex; align-items: center; border: 1px solid #bdcddd; border-radius: 7px; background: var(--white); padding: 0 15px; gap: 12px; }
.search-field:focus-within > div { border-color: var(--blue); outline: 2px solid var(--blue); outline-offset: 2px; }
.search-field .icon { color: var(--muted); }
.search-field input { border: none; background: transparent; padding: 13px 0; width: 100%; color: var(--ink); font-size: 14px; min-width: 0; }
.search-field input:focus { outline: none; }
.search-field input::placeholder { color: #627588; }
.filter-group { display: flex; gap: 8px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 17px; }
.filter-button { background: transparent; color: var(--muted); border: 1px solid #bccddd; border-radius: 30px; padding: 8px 14px; font-size: 11px; min-height: 36px; }
.filter-button:hover { color: var(--blue); border-color: var(--blue); }
.filter-button[aria-pressed="true"] { color: var(--white); background: var(--primary); border-color: var(--primary); }
.filter-status { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; min-height: 51px; gap: 20px; }
.filter-status p { font-size: 11px; color: var(--muted); }
.reset-filters { background: none; border: 0; color: var(--blue); font-size: 11px; text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; padding: 9px 0; }
.publication { padding-block: 31px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.publication:first-child { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.publication-meta { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 9px 12px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.45; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.year-badge { display: inline-block; background: var(--soft); color: var(--blue); font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11px; padding: 5px 9px; line-height: 1.4; border-radius: 4px; }
.badge { display: inline-block; color: #1D4F91; background: #e1edf6; font-size: 10px; padding: 5px 8px; border-radius: 4px; }
.publication h2 { font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; letter-spacing: -.02em; max-width: 930px; }
.publication h2 a { text-decoration: none; }
.publication h2 a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.publication .authors { font-size: 13px; margin-top: 11px; }
.publication-venue { font-weight: 550; font-size: 13px; margin-top: 5px; }
.publication-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: flex-start; gap: 8px 25px; margin-top: 14px; }
.publication-actions .text-link { font-size: 11px; }
.citation-details { font-size: 11px; }
.citation-details summary { cursor: pointer; color: var(--blue); padding: 6px 4px; min-height: 30px; font-weight: 550; }
.citation-details[open] { width: 100%; }
.citation-content { background: var(--soft); border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 17px 20px; margin-top: 5px; border-radius: 7px; color: var(--muted); overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.citation-content > p:first-child { font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.8; }
.citation-note { font-size: 11px; }
.small-button { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; background: var(--white); color: var(--blue); border: 1px solid #b8cbdc; border-radius: 5px; padding: 8px 12px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 550; min-height: 36px; }
.small-button:hover { background: var(--soft); }
.citation-content .small-button { margin-top: 13px; }
.empty-state { padding: 50px 25px; text-align: center; background: var(--white); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius); }
.empty-state h2 { font-size: 30px; }
.empty-state p { margin-top: 13px; color: var(--muted); }
.empty-state .button { margin-top: 22px; }
.preprints-section { padding-top: 65px; }
.preprints-section .section-heading { margin-bottom: 14px; }
.preprint-notice { font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.preprint { background: var(--soft); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 27px 30px; }
.preprint h3 { margin-top: 11px; font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
.preprint h3 a { text-decoration: none; }
.preprint h3 a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.preprint .text-link { margin-top: 14px; font-size: 12px; }
.about-intro { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 0 70px; padding-bottom: 55px; }
.about-intro > .eyebrow { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
.about-intro h1 { font-size: 55px; grid-column: 1; }
.about-bio { grid-column: 2; grid-row: 2 / span 2; font-size: 15px; color: var(--muted); }
.about-intro > .text-link { grid-column: 1; justify-self: start; margin-top: 25px; align-self: start; }
.profile-section { display: grid; grid-template-columns: .7fr 1.4fr; gap: 65px; padding-block: 47px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.profile-section .eyebrow { margin-bottom: 9px; }
.profile-section h2 { font-size: 33px; }
.timeline-item { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 125px minmax(0,1fr); gap: 22px; }
.timeline-item + .timeline-item { margin-top: 26px; }
.timeline-date { color: var(--blue); font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10px; padding-top: 5px; line-height: 1.65; }
.timeline-item h3 { font-size: 17px; font-weight: 550; margin-bottom: 6px; }
.timeline-item p { font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6; }
.timeline-item p + p { margin-top: 5px; font-size: 12px; }
.honors-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 14px; }
.honor { border: 1px solid var(--line); background: var(--white); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 24px; }
.honor h3 { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: -.02em; line-height: 1.23; margin-block: 15px 12px; }
.honor p { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); }
.honors-section { padding-bottom: 48px; }
.talks-section { padding-top: 14px; }
.talk { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 165px minmax(0,1fr); gap: 25px; padding-block: 22px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.talk:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.talk h3 { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: -.02em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 9px; }
.talk p { font-size: 12px; }
.talk p + p { margin-top: 4px; font-size: 11px; }
.contact-container { min-height: calc(100vh - 220px); }
.contact-container .page-intro { border-bottom: none; padding-bottom: 40px; }
.contact-container h1 { font-size: clamp(60px,6vw,82px); }
.contact-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.3fr 1fr; gap: 85px; padding-bottom: 80px; }
.email-panel { padding-top: 28px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.email-address { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: clamp(22px,2.45vw,32px); letter-spacing: -.025em; text-decoration: none; display: block; margin-top: 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.email-address:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.email-address .icon { margin-left: 5px; }
.email-panel .small-button { margin-top: 18px; }
.contact-topics { margin-top: 45px; }
.contact-topics h2 { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0; margin-bottom: 13px; }
.contact-topics p { font-size: 14px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.9; }
.affiliation-panel { padding: 31px; background: var(--primary); color: var(--white); border-radius: var(--radius); }
.affiliation-initial { width: 45px; height: 45px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; border: 1px solid #6CACE4; color: var(--columbia-blue); border-radius: 50%; font-size: 14px; font-family: var(--serif); letter-spacing: -.04em; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.affiliation-panel h2 { font-size: 29px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18px; }
.affiliation-panel p { color: #e7f0f7; font-size: 13px; }
.affiliation-panel .text-link { color: var(--columbia-blue); margin-top: 17px; }
.toast { position: fixed; bottom: 25px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 12px 22px; background: var(--primary); color: var(--white); border: 1px solid #6CACE4; border-radius: 8px; font-size: 13px; box-shadow: 0 8px 25px #0002; z-index: 60; max-width: calc(100% - 40px); width: max-content; }
@media (min-width: 1600px) {
  :root { --content: 1240px; }
  .hero { gap: 125px; }
  .profile-frame { max-width: 350px; }
  .profile-photo { height: 365px; }
}
@media (max-width: 1090px) {
  .container { width: calc(100% - 64px); }
  .site-nav { gap: 21px; }
  .hero { gap: 60px; }
  .hero h1 { font-size: 66px; }
  .hero-bio { font-size: 15px; }
  .profile-frame { margin-right: 10px; }
  .profile-photo { height: 330px; }
  .news-card { padding: 20px; }
  .news-card h3 { font-size: 21px; }
  .research-detail { gap: 40px; }
  .honors-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); }
  .profile-section { gap: 35px; grid-template-columns: .65fr 1.4fr; }
  .about-intro { gap: 0 40px; }
  .about-intro h1 { font-size: 47px; }
  .contact-grid { gap: 45px; }
}
@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .header-inner { min-height: 78px; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0; }
  .brand { padding-block: 16px; }
  .js .menu-toggle { display: inline-flex; }
  .site-nav { flex-basis: 100%; padding: 3px 0 20px; justify-content: flex-start; gap: 10px 23px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
  .js .site-nav { display: none; }
  .js .site-nav.is-open { display: flex; }
  .site-nav > a[aria-current="page"]::after { bottom: 2px; }
  .hero { grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1.45fr) minmax(200px,.85fr); gap: 36px; padding-block: 49px; }
  .hero h1 { font-size: 58px; gap: 12px; }
  .degree { font-size: 13px; }
  .hero-copy > .eyebrow { font-size: 9px; margin-bottom: 14px; }
  .hero-role { font-size: 14px; }
  .hero-role span { font-size: 12px; }
  .hero-tagline { font-size: 27px; margin-top: 23px; }
  .hero-bio { font-size: 14px; }
  .hero .actions { gap: 10px 17px; }
  .hero .button { font-size: 11px; padding: 10px 14px; gap: 10px; }
  .hero .button-quiet { padding-inline: 0; }
  .profile-photo { height: 300px; border-top-left-radius: 80px; }
  .profile-frame::before { border-top-left-radius: 90px; left: 10px; top: -10px; }
  .profile-frame figcaption { padding: 14px 12px; font-size: 10px; gap: 8px; }
  .profile-frame figcaption small { font-size: 10px; }
  .section { padding-block: 50px; }
  .section-heading { align-items: flex-start; }
  .section-heading .section-note { display: none; }
  .section-heading > .text-link { max-width: 160px; font-size: 11px; }
  .news-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); }
  .research-grid { gap: 22px; }
  .research-card h3 { font-size: 23px; }
  .research-card p { font-size: 12px; }
  .featured-paper { grid-template-columns: 48px minmax(0,1fr) 24px; gap: 15px; }
  .featured-paper h3 { font-size: 22px; }
  .paper-arrow { width: 24px; }
  .connect-strip { padding: 28px; }
  .connect-strip h2 { font-size: 33px; }
  .connect-strip p:not(.eyebrow) { font-size: 12px; }
  .footer-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 20px; }
  .footer-meta { grid-column: 1 / -1; text-align: left; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-top: 15px; }
  .footer-meta p { margin: 0 !important; }
  .footer-contact { text-align: right; }
  .page-intro { padding-top: 50px; padding-bottom: 42px; }
  .page-lead { font-size: 16px; }
  .research-detail { gap: 30px; grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1.2fr) minmax(0,1fr); padding-block: 40px; }
  .research-detail-copy h2 { font-size: 31px; }
  .research-detail-copy > p:not(.eyebrow) { font-size: 14px; }
  .research-detail-copy .research-question { font-size: 16px !important; }
  .related-work { padding: 23px; }
  .related-work a { font-size: 17px; }
  .methods-band p { font-size: 20px; }
  .methods-band span { padding-inline: 6px; }
  .about-intro { display: block; }
  .about-intro h1 { font-size: 48px; }
  .about-bio { margin-top: 25px; max-width: 680px; }
  .profile-section { display: block; padding-block: 35px; }
  .profile-section h2 { margin-bottom: 27px; }
  .timeline-item { grid-template-columns: 140px minmax(0,1fr); }
  .contact-grid { grid-template-columns: 1.15fr 1fr; gap: 28px; }
  .affiliation-panel { padding: 25px; }
  .affiliation-panel h2 { font-size: 25px; }
  .email-address { font-size: 23px; }
}
@media (max-width: 600px) {
  .container { width: calc(100% - 40px); }
  .header-inner { min-height: 74px; }
  .brand-mark { width: 37px; height: 37px; border-radius: 8px 8px 2px 8px; font-size: 22px; }
  .brand-mark span { font-size: 19px; }
  .menu-toggle { font-size: 11px; }
  .site-nav { flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; gap: 2px; padding-bottom: 16px; }
  .site-nav > a { padding: 5px 7px; font-size: 13px; }
  .site-nav > a[aria-current="page"] { background: var(--soft); border-radius: 5px; }
  .site-nav > a[aria-current="page"]::after { display: none; }
  .hero { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 35px; align-items: stretch; padding-top: 32px; padding-bottom: 38px; }
  .hero h1 { font-size: clamp(46px,12vw,64px); }
  .hero-copy > .eyebrow { font-size: 9px; margin-bottom: 15px; letter-spacing: .1em; }
  .hero-role { margin-top: 13px; font-size: 15px; }
  .hero-role span { font-size: 12px; max-width: 310px; }
  .hero-tagline { font-size: 30px; margin-top: 24px; }
  .hero-bio { font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.8; }
  .hero .actions { margin-top: 23px; gap: 23px; }
  .hero .button { font-size: 12px; padding: 12px 17px; }
  .hero .button-quiet { padding-inline: 0; }
  .profile-frame { max-width: none; margin-right: 0; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 18px; }
  .profile-frame::before { display: none; }
  .profile-photo { border-radius: 50%; height: 82px; width: 82px; flex-shrink: 0; }
  .profile-photo img { object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% 36%; transform: scale(1.9); }
  .profile-frame figcaption { background: transparent; color: var(--ink); padding: 0; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; }
  .profile-frame figcaption small { color: var(--muted); font-size: 11px; }
  .location-dot { background: var(--blue); }
  .section { padding-block: 40px; }
  h2 { font-size: 32px; }
  .section-heading { flex-direction: column; gap: 9px; margin-bottom: 24px; }
  .section-heading .eyebrow { font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 8px; }
  .section-heading > .text-link { max-width: none; font-size: 12px; }
  .news-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 13px; }
  .news-card { padding: 21px 22px 17px; }
  .news-meta { margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 10px; }
  .news-card h3 { font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; }
  .news-card p { font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 12px; }
  .news-card .text-link { font-size: 12px; min-height: 34px; }
  .research-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 25px; }
  .research-band h2 { font-size: 32px; }
  .research-card { padding-top: 18px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-right: 32px; }
  .research-card h3 { font-size: 28px; margin-top: 12px; max-width: none; }
  .research-card p { font-size: 14px; max-width: none; }
  .research-arrow { right: 0; top: 11px; bottom: auto; }
  .featured-paper { grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr) 23px; gap: 7px 15px; padding-block: 23px; }
  .paper-year { grid-column: 1 / -1; font-size: 11px; }
  .featured-paper h3 { font-size: 23px; line-height: 1.32; }
  .venue { font-size: 9px; letter-spacing: .07em; }
  .authors { font-size: 11px; }
  .connect-section { padding-bottom: 40px; }
  .connect-strip { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; padding: 26px; gap: 23px; }
  .connect-strip p:not(.eyebrow) { font-size: 13px; }
  .site-footer { padding-block: 27px; }
  .footer-inner { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 18px; }
  .footer-contact { text-align: left; }
  .footer-meta { width: 100%; gap: 12px; }
  .footer-meta p { font-size: 9px; }
  .site-footer p { font-size: 11px; }
  .page-intro { padding-top: 37px; padding-bottom: 33px; }
  .page-intro > .eyebrow { margin-bottom: 16px; }
  .page-intro h1 { font-size: clamp(38px,10.8vw,51px); }
  .page-lead { font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.8; margin-top: 20px; }
  .section-nav { gap: 8px; }
  .section-nav a { font-size: 11px; padding: 8px 11px; }
  .research-detail { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 25px; padding-block: 36px; }
  .research-detail-copy h2 { font-size: 33px; }
  .research-detail-copy > p:not(.eyebrow) { font-size: 15px; }
  .related-work { padding: 24px; }
  .methods-band { padding-block: 33px; }
  .methods-band p { font-size: 23px; line-height: 1.8; }
  .methods-band span { padding-inline: 5px; }
  .publication-tools { padding-top: 22px; }
  .filter-group { gap: 7px; }
  .filter-button { font-size: 10px; padding: 8px 11px; min-height: 36px; }
  .search-field input { font-size: 13px; }
  .publication { padding-block: 26px; }
  .publication h2 { font-size: 24px; }
  .publication .authors { font-size: 12px; }
  .publication-meta { gap: 7px 10px; }
  .publication-venue { font-size: 12px; }
  .publication-actions .text-link { font-size: 12px; }
  .publication-actions { gap: 10px 25px; }
  .citation-details { font-size: 12px; }
  .citation-content { padding: 17px; }
  .preprints-section { padding-top: 38px; }
  .preprint { padding: 24px; }
  .preprint h3 { font-size: 23px; }
  .preprint .eyebrow { font-size: 9px; }
  .about-bio { font-size: 15px; }
  .profile-section { padding-block: 33px; }
  .timeline-item { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 7px; }
  .timeline-item + .timeline-item { margin-top: 28px; }
  .timeline-date { font-size: 11px; }
  .timeline-item p { font-size: 13px; }
  .honors-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 12px; }
  .honor { padding: 24px; }
  .honor h3 { font-size: 25px; margin-top: 13px; }
  .honor p { font-size: 13px; }
  .honors-section { padding-bottom: 38px; }
  .talks-section { padding-top: 0; }
  .talk { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }
  .talk h3 { font-size: 23px; }
  .contact-container .page-intro { padding-bottom: 32px; }
  .contact-container h1 { font-size: 55px; }
  .contact-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 35px; padding-bottom: 40px; }
  .email-address { font-size: clamp(22px,6.9vw,30px); }
  .email-address .icon { width: 20px; }
  .contact-topics { margin-top: 32px; }
  .affiliation-panel { padding: 28px; }
  .affiliation-panel h2 { font-size: 31px; }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  html { scroll-behavior: auto; }
  *, *::before, *::after { animation-duration: .01ms !important; animation-iteration-count: 1 !important; transition-duration: .01ms !important; }
  .button:hover, .text-link:hover .icon { transform: none; }
}
@media print {
  body { color: #111; background: #fff; font-size: 11pt; }
  .container { width: 100%; max-width: none; }
  .site-header, .site-footer, .menu-toggle, .skip-link, .toast, .publication-tools, .connect-section, .button, .small-button, .section-nav { display: none !important; }
  .section, .page-intro { padding-block: 20px; }
  .hero { padding-block: 20px; gap: 30px; }
  .hero h1 { font-size: 40pt; }
  .hero-tagline { font-size: 20pt; }
  .profile-frame { max-width: 160px; }
  .profile-photo { height: 200px; }
  .research-band, .affiliation-panel { background: #fff; color: #111; }
  .research-band p, .research-band a, .research-band .eyebrow, .affiliation-panel p { color: #333; }
  .research-grid, .honors-grid { gap: 15px; }
  .news-card, .publication, .preprint, .timeline-item, .talk, .research-card { break-inside: avoid; }
  .citation-details:not([open]) { display: none; }
  a { color: #111; }
  h1 { font-size: 34pt; }
  h2 { font-size: 23pt; }
}

/* Complete bibliography and publication imagery. Figures are never cropped. */
.publications-container { max-width: 1160px; }
.profile-photo img { object-position: 53% 31%; }
.news-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 22px; }
.news-card { padding: 0; overflow: hidden; }
.news-card-body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; padding: 26px 28px 22px; flex: 1; }
.news-card-body h3 { font-size: 27px; }
.news-card-body p { font-size: 14px; }
.news-media { background: #edf3f9; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.news-media > a { display: flex; position: relative; height: 250px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px; }
.news-media img { height: 100%; width: 100%; object-fit: contain; }
.news-media figcaption { text-align: center; font-size: 10px; color: var(--muted); padding: 2px 15px 12px; }
.image-expand { position: absolute; bottom: 12px; right: 12px; display: inline-flex; gap: 6px; align-items: center; background: #fff; color: var(--primary); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 5px; padding: 6px 9px; font: 10px var(--sans); box-shadow: 0 2px 7px #0001; }
.news-compact .news-card-body { padding-block: 24px; }
.news-compact h3 { font-size: 24px; }
.honors-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); }
.publication-stats { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px 28px; margin-top: 26px; }
.publication-stats a { display: inline-flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 8px; text-decoration: none; color: var(--muted); font-size: 13px; }
.publication-stats a:hover { color: var(--blue); text-decoration: underline; }
.publication-stats strong { font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 400; font-size: 29px; color: var(--primary); }
.publication-section { margin-top: 44px; }
.publication-section-head { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 20px; margin-bottom: 25px; }
.publication-section-head h2 { font-size: 33px; }
.publication-section-head p { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 8px; }
.group-count { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 13px; color: var(--blue); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 50%; width: 39px; height: 39px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; flex-shrink: 0; }
.publication { padding-block: 29px; }
.publication.has-figure { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 300px minmax(0,1fr); gap: 32px; align-items: start; }
.publication h3 { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.32; letter-spacing: -.018em; }
.publication h3 a { text-decoration: none; }
.publication h3 a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.publication .authors { color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.8; }
.publication .authors strong { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 700; }
.publication-copy { min-width: 0; }
.role-label { color: var(--blue); }
.publication-figure { margin-top: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 9px; overflow: hidden; background: #fff; }
.figure-open { position: relative; display: block; padding: 14px; }
.figure-open img { width: 100%; height: 210px; object-fit: contain; }
.publication-figure figcaption { background: var(--soft); padding: 12px 15px; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.7; }
.publication-figure figcaption > a { color: var(--blue); display: inline-flex; gap: 6px; align-items: center; font-weight: 650; }
.publication-figure figcaption > span { display: block; color: var(--muted); font-size: 9px; margin-top: 4px; }
.figure-fallback { padding: 28px 22px; color: var(--muted); }
.figure-fallback > p { font: 21px/1.3 var(--serif); color: var(--ink); margin-block: 10px 16px; }
.figure-fallback > span:last-child { font-size: 10px; color: var(--blue); }
.publication-figure.is-unavailable { cursor: pointer; }
.status-note { display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 12px; padding: 3px 7px; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: 4px; color: var(--muted); }
.manuscript-entry h3 { font-size: 23px; }
.role-filter-group { margin-top: 10px; }
.role-filter-group .filter-button { border-radius: 5px; }
.publication-endnote { padding-block: 30px 65px; font-size: 11px; color: var(--muted); }
.image-dialog { width: min(1100px,94vw); max-height: 94vh; overflow: auto; border: 0; border-radius: 12px; padding: 58px 26px 24px; background: var(--white); color: var(--ink); box-shadow: 0 20px 100px #0004; }
.image-dialog::backdrop { background: #102d4dd9; backdrop-filter: blur(4px); }
.image-dialog > img { max-width: 100%; max-height: 73vh; width: auto; height: auto; margin-inline: auto; object-fit: contain; }
.image-close { position: absolute; top: 13px; right: 18px; min-height: 36px; border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 4px 12px; border-radius: 5px; background: var(--paper); color: var(--ink); font-size: 12px; }
.image-dialog-caption { font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.65; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 18px; }
@media (max-width: 950px) {
  .publication.has-figure { grid-template-columns: 235px minmax(0,1fr); gap: 24px; }
  .figure-open img { height: 180px; }
  .news-media > a { height: 230px; }
  .news-card-body { padding: 22px; }
}
@media (max-width: 650px) {
  .publication.has-figure { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 22px; }
  .publication-figure { max-width: 420px; width: 100%; }
  .figure-open img { height: 210px; }
  .publication h3 { font-size: 24px; }
  .publication-section-head h2 { font-size: 28px; }
  .publication-stats { gap: 6px 20px; }
  .publication-stats a { font-size: 12px; }
  .publication-stats strong { font-size: 25px; }
}
@media (max-width: 600px) {
  .news-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; }
  .news-card { padding: 0; }
  .news-media > a { height: 225px; padding: 16px; }
  .news-card-body { padding: 24px; }
  .news-card-body h3 { font-size: 26px; }
  .profile-photo { height: 88px; width: 88px; }
  .profile-photo img { object-position: 53% 12%; transform: scale(1.18); transform-origin: 50% 32%; }
  .honors-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .publication-section { margin-top: 32px; }
  .image-dialog { padding: 58px 15px 18px; }
}
@media print {
 .publication-tools,.image-dialog,.image-expand { display: none !important; }
 .publication { break-inside: avoid; }
 .publication-figure { max-width: 220px; }
}

/* Social profiles and the revised research focus. */
.brand { min-width: 44px; min-height: 44px; }
.brand-mark { background: var(--primary); }
.hero-tagline { max-width: 650px; font-size: clamp(28px, 2.4vw, 33px); line-height: 1.3; }
.hero-copy > .eyebrow { max-width: 100%; }
.social-links { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 8px 20px; }
.social-links a { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; min-height: 40px; color: var(--primary); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 550; text-decoration: none; }
.social-links a:hover { color: var(--primary-hover); text-decoration: underline; }
.social-links-hero { margin-top: 17px; }
.social-links-footer { gap: 4px 15px; margin-top: 6px; }
.social-links-footer a { min-height: 36px; font-size: 11px; }
.social-links-footer .icon { width: 11px; height: 11px; }
.contact-social { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-top: 24px; margin-top: 28px; }
.contact-social h2 { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.social-links-contact a { font-size: 13px; }
.research-intro h1 { font-size: clamp(36px, 4.2vw, 59px); max-width: 1120px; line-height: 1.17; }
.research-intro .page-lead { max-width: 830px; }
.research-card h3 { line-height: 1.3; }
.methods-band p { line-height: 1.8; }
.research-band :focus-visible, .affiliation-panel :focus-visible { outline-color: var(--columbia-blue); }
@media (max-width: 1090px) {
  .hero { gap: 50px; }
  .hero-tagline { font-size: 29px; }
}
@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .hero { gap: 30px; }
  .hero-tagline { font-size: 27px; }
  .social-links { gap: 4px 14px; }
}
@media (max-width: 600px) {
  .hero { gap: 28px; }
  .hero-tagline { font-size: 29px; }
  .hero-tagline br { display: none; }
  .hero-copy > .eyebrow { font-size: 9px; letter-spacing: .07em; max-width: 310px; }
  .social-links-hero { margin-top: 14px; }
  .social-links a { min-height: 42px; }
  .research-intro h1 { font-size: clamp(36px, 9vw, 49px); }
  .research-intro h1 br { display: none; }
  .research-card h3 { font-size: 27px; }
}
@media print { .social-links { display: none; } }

/* Cover recognition is separate from the original scientific figure. */
.featured-cover-badge { margin-left: 12px; vertical-align: middle; letter-spacing: .035em; }
.cover-note { color: var(--blue); font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.65; margin-top: 7px; }


/* Latest headshot sizing - September 16, 2026.
   Desktop: change max-width below (340px).
   Mobile: change all three 110px values together.
   The supplied photo files are unchanged; cover crops them in the layout. */
.profile-frame {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 340px;
}

.profile-photo {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.profile-photo picture {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

.profile-photo img {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: 50% 50%;
  transform: none;
}

@media (max-width: 600px) {
  .profile-frame {
    max-width: none;
  }

  .profile-photo {
    width: 110px;
    height: 110px;
    flex: 0 0 110px;
    border-radius: 50%;
  }

  .profile-photo img {
    object-position: 50% 40%;
  }
}

/* Keep the existing compact portrait size when printing. */
@media print {
  .profile-frame { max-width: 160px; }
  .profile-photo {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
    flex-basis: auto;
  }
}