Documents

• Leeds Woolen Workers' Petition (1786), attacking the effects of machinery
• Leeds Cloth Merchants' Letter (1791), defending machinery
• Thomas Malthus, First Essay on Population (1798, excerpts)
• Charlotte Brontë, fictional description of a Luddite attack on a factory around 1812, from Shirley
• David Ricardo, "The Iron Law of Wages," excerpts from On Wages (1817)
• Richard Guest, "On the Steam Loom" (1823)
• William Radcliffe, "On Power Looms" (1828)
• Fredrich Engels, "Industrial Manchester" (1844), excerpts from The Condition of the Working Class in England, (1845)
• The Penny Magazine (1832-1835), an English periodical marketed to the working class

Tables, Maps and Images

• Tables: Spread of Industrialization and Spread of Railways in Europe
• Maps:Industrial England, early 19th century and Industrialization in Europe, circa 1850
• Water-powered mill, Scotland, late 18th century
• Images of industrialization in Europe and America, late 19th and early 20th centuries (several pages, click "next" and "prev" at the top to cycle through them)

For Further Exploration

• Additional documents on nineteenth-century working and living conditions
• Various documents on Chartism
• Karl Marx, Theses on Feuerbach (1845)
• ______, Wage Labor and Capital (1849)
• ______, Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
• Friedrich Engels, "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific" (1880)