Source: Révolutions de Paris, 12 February 1791. Excerpted in Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution, Jack R. Censer and Lynn Hunt, eds. (American Social History Productions, 2001).

Many women have complained to us about the revolution. In numerous letters they report to us that for two years now it seems there is but one sex in France. In the primary assemblies [for voting], in the sections, in the clubs, etc., there is no longer any discussion about women, as if they no longer existed. They are accorded, as if by grace, a few benches for listening to the sessions of the National Assembly. Two or three of the women have appeared at the bar [spoken to the Assembly], but the audience was short, and the Assembly quickly passed on the order of the day. Can the French people, some ask, not become free without ceasing to be gallant? Long ago, in the time of the Gauls, our good ancestors, women had a deliberative vote in the Estates of the nation; they voted just like men, and things did not go so badly.…

The reign of the courtesans precipitated the ruin of the nation; the empire of queens consummated it. We saw a prince [Louis XV], too quickly loved by people, degrade his character in the arms of several women [his mistresses, one of which Prudhomme names in a footnote: Madame du Barry] without modesty, and become, following the example of Nebuchadnezzar [King of Babylonia, 605-562 B.C.], a brute who wallowed with a disgusting cynicism in the filth of the dirtiest pleasures. We saw his successor [Louis XVI] share with the public his infatuation with a young, lively, and frivolous princess [Marie-Antoinette], who began by shaking off the yoke of etiquette as if practicing for one day shattering that of the laws. Soon following the lessons of her mother [Maria-Theresa, empress of Austria], she profited from her ascendency over little things to interfere in great ones and influence the destiny of an entire people.…

Solemn publicists [in a footnote, Prudhomme cites: M. Condorcet, among others, in a number of the journal of the club of 1789] have seriously proposed taking the road of conciliation; they have maintained that women enjoy the rights of citizenship like men and should have entry to all public assemblies, even to those that constitute or legislate for the nation. They have claimed that women have the right to speak as much as men.

No doubt, and this power has never been denied them. But nature, from which society should not depart except in spite of itself, has prescribed to each sex its respective functions; a household should never remain deserted for a single instant. When the father of the family leaves to defend or lay claim to the rights of property, security, equality, or liberty in a public assembly, the mother of the family, focused on her domestic duties, must make order and cleanliness, ease and peace reign at home.

Women have never shown sustained and strongly pronounced taste for civil and political independence, this ardor to which everything cedes, which inspires in men so many great deeds, so many heroic actions. This is because civil and political liberty is in a manner of speaking useless to women and in consequence must be foreign to them. Destined to pass all of their lives under the paternal roof or in the house of their marriage; born to a perpetual dependence from the moment of their existence until that of their decease, they have only been endowed with private virtues. The tumult of camps, the storms of public places, the agitations of the tribunals are not at all suitable for the second sex. To keep her mother company, soften the worries of a spouse, nourish and care for her children, these are the only occupations and true duties of a woman. A woman is only comfortable, is only in her place or in her household. She need only know what her parents or her husband judge appropriate to teach her about everything that takes place outside her home.

Women! … The liberty of a people has for its basis good morals and education, and you are its guardians and first dispensers.… Appear in the midst of our national festivals with all the brilliance of your virtues and your charms! When the voice of the public proclaims the heroism and wisdom of a young citizen, then a mother leads her young, beautiful, and modest daughter to the tribunal where crowns are distributed; the young virgin seizes one of them and goes herself to set it on the forehead of the acclaimed citizen.…

Citizenesses of all ages and all stations! Leave your homes all at the same time; rally from door to door and march toward city.… Armed with burning torches, present yourselves at the gates of the palace of your tyrants and demand reparation.… If the enemy, victorious thanks to disagreements between patriots, insists on putting his plan of counterrevolution into action … you must avail yourself of every means, bravery and ruses, arms and poison; contaminate the fountains, the foodstuffs; let the atmosphere be charged with the seeds of death.… Once the country is purged of all these hired brigands, citizenesses! We will see you return to your dwellings to take up once again the accustomed yoke of domestic duties.