Outline of discussion topics and reading assignments
This is not the final reading list, but it will give you an idea of the kinds of reading assignments in this seminar. Registered students should always use CourseWorks where assignments are updated on a regular basis. Typically each week's reading assignments will be announced in class the preceding week. Student-prepared discussion questions will be available on the CourseWorks discussion board by Tuesday preceding each Thursday session. Assigned materials will be distributed in class or available online. (Most journals cited here are on the shelves of the Psychology library).
Sept. 7. Overview of Course.
This will be a full class meeting, including a mini-lecture and an inclass experiment. Attendance at this class is required. Students who have not yet been admitted are welcome to attend; please bring a completed application with you. I would like two volunteers to be discussion leaders for Session 2. Please contact me prior to Sept. if you are interested.Sept. 14. Introduction to emotion: Theories and early studies.
Registered students, see CourseWorks for discussion questions and articles.Page numbers in brackets indicate pages in Porges & Coles (Eds), Psychophysiology. Stroudsberg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson, & Ross, 1976.
_x_1. Editor's comments [250-252]
_x_2. James, W. What is an emotion? Mind, 1884, 9, 188-205. [253-269]
_x_3. Cannon, W. B. The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. American Journal of Psychology, 1927, 39, 106-124. [271-289]
_x_4. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. E. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, l962, 69 (5), 379-399. [300-321]
_x_5. Ax, A. F. The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, l953, 15(5), 433-442. [290-299] You may skim the "analysis of data," "results," and "discussion" sections.
_x_6. Lang, P.J. (1979). read "Patterns of emotional expression," p. 507 in Psychophysiology, 16.
[experts see Plutchik & Ax; Fehr & Stern. References are given at end of Editor's comments in Porges & Coles. Also see Hohman, G. (1966) Some effects of spinal cord lesions on experienced emotional feelings. Psychophysiology, 3, 143-156, and Chwalisz, et al. JPSP, 54, 820-8. Ellsworth, P.C. (1994). William James and emotion: Is a century of fame worth a century of misunderstanding? Psychological Review, 101, 222-229. These journals are in Psych Library. ]
Sept. 21. Introduction to the Psychophysiology of Emotion.
___1. In Hassett, J. A Primer of Psychophysiology, San Francisco: Freeman, 1978.
Chap. 1. What is psychophysiology?
Chap. 2. Mind and body.
In Chap. 4. The Sweat gland, pp. 32-35, [skim 36-44], pp. 44-46. Orientation and habituation.
In Chap. 5. The Cardiovascular System, read pp. 47-50, history; emotion and arousal, and pp. 61-63. What does the heart respond to?
also read pp. 173-177. Two views of the cardiac function (1st 4 paragraphs are most important).
In Chap. 8. The Muscles, read pp. 97-99.
___2. In Stern, R., et al. Psychophysiological Recording. Oxford, 1980. Chap. 5. Some basic principles of psychophysiology. pp. 53-59, Table 5.1.
___3. Goleman, D. (1989). Brain's design emerges as a key to emotions. N.Y.Times. Aug. 15, 1989.
___4. Blakeslee, S. (1996). Dr. Joseph Ledoux: Using Rats to Trace Routes of Fear. N.Y.Times. Nov. 5, 1996.
___5. LeDoux, J. E. (1986) The neurobiology of emotion. Chap. 15 in J E. LeDoux & W. Hirst (Eds.) Mind and Brain: diologues in cognitive neuroscience. New York: Cambridge. Read pp. 301 - 327. also read "Evaluation of sensory input" p. 340-348, in conjunction with the Goleman article.
___6. Cacioppo, J., G. Bernston, J. Larson, K. Poehlmann, & T. Ito (2000). The Psychophysiology of Emotion. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland-Jones (eds.) Handbook of Emotions, Second Edition (173-191). New York: Guilford Press.
Sept. 28. Hearts and faces of infants and adults; The Structure of Emotion.
___1. Krauss, R.M. & Putnam, L.E. (1985) Dimensions of emotion in facial and autonomic responses. Paper presented at the Symposium on Expression and the Physiology of Emotion, at the Annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Los Angeles, May 1985. [experts: see Putnam's deception and obesity papers]
___2. Winton, W.M., Putnam, L.E., & Krauss, R.M. (1985) Facial and autonomic manifestations of the dimensional structure of emotion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, l985, 20, 195-216. (Click here for Abstract and Method.)
___3. Bullock, M. & Russell, J. (1986) Concepts of emotion in developmental psychology. Chap. 8 in Izard, C. & Read, P. Measuring emotions in infants and children, Vol. II.
___4. Emde, R.N., Kligman, D.H., Reich, J.H., & Wade, T.D. (1978). Emotional expression in infancy: I. Initial studies of social signaling and an emergent model. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect, pp. 125-148.
___5. Lewis,M., Brooks,J., & Haviland,J. (1978) Hearts and faces: A study in the measurement of emotion. Chap. 3 In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect, New York: Plenum, pp. 77-123. Intro only (77-92, up to "The Present Study").
___6. Woodworth, R.S., & Schlosberg, H.S. Experimental psychology. New York: Holt, 1954. Chap. 5. Emotion I: Expressive movements. Read 107-128, paying special attention to 124-128 and Fig. 5-4.
___7. Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J.A. (1999). The structure of current affect: Controversies and emerging consensus. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 10-14.
Oct. 5. The relationship between attention and unpleasant emotion - or - what is "Morbid Fascination"?
___1. Libby, W.L.,Jr., Lacey, B.C., & Lacey, J.I. (1973) Pupillary and cardiac activity during visual attention. Psychophysiology, 10, 270-294.
___2. Putnam, L. E. & Krauss, R. M. (1991) Affective valence, arousal, and attention and their relationshiop to physiological response. Paper presented at the Society for Psychophysiological Response, Chicago, Oct. 1991.
___3. Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K. Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993) Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261-273.
___4. Putnam, L.E. (1992) Perceived valence, arousal, and attention in the facial expressions of students viewing emotional pictures. Paper presented at the Society for Psychophysiological Response, San Diego, Oct. 1992.
___5. Levenson, R. W. (1988). Emotion and the autonomic nervous system: A prospectus for research on autonomic specificity. in H. Wagner (Ed.), Social psychophysiology: Perspectives on theory and clinical applications. London: Wiley, 17-42.
Oct. 12. Meet in Groups to work on Method Section and to design new class experiment.
Oct. 19. Emotion, Attention, and Startle.
___1. Bradley, M.M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1990) Startle reflex modification: Emotion or Attention? Psychophysiology, 27, 513-522.___2. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990) Emotion, Attention, and the Startle Reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377-395.
___3. Lang, P.J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1992) A motivational analysis of emotion: reflex-cortex connections. Psychological Science, 3, 44-49.
___4. Vrana, Spence, & Lang. (1988). The startle probe response: A new measure of emotion? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 487-491.
___5. Bradley, M.M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1999) Affect and the Startle Reflex. Chap. 8 in M. Dawson, et al. (Eds.) Startle Modification: Implications for Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, and Clinical Science. Cambridge Univ. Press.
____ Greenwald, M. K., Cook, E. W. III, & Lang, P. J. (1989) Affective judgment and psychophysiological response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 51-64. [Replication of WPK, but with facial EMG]
____ Cacioppo, J. T. , Petty, Losch, & Kim (1986). EMG activity over facial regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50, 260-8.
____ Cacioppo, J. T., Martzke, J. S., Petty, R. E., & Tassinary, L. G. (1988). Specific forms of facial EMG response index emotions during an interview: From Darwin to the continuous flow hypothesis of affect-laden information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 592-604.
____ Derryberry, D. & Rothbart, M. K. (1984) Emotion, attention, and temperament. Chap. 5 in C. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. Pp. 132-166
____ Bradley, M.M. (2000).Ê Emotion and Motivation.ÊÊ In J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary, & G.G. Berntson, G.G (Eds.).Ê Handbook of Psychophyiology (2nd edition; pp. 602-642).Ê Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
____ Bradley, M.M. & Lang, P.J. (2000).Ê Measuring emotion: Behavior,
feeling, and physiology.Ê In R.D. Lane, L. Nadel, G.L. Ahern, J.J.B. Allen,
A.W. Kaszniak, S.Z. Rapcsak, & G.E. Schwartz (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience
of emotion. New York: Oxford University Press.(pp. 242-276)
Nov. 2. Article Presentations
Nov. 9. The Neurobiology of Emotion: LeDoux
_x_1. LeDoux, J. (1998) The Emotional Brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Touchstone. (paperback edition, 384 pages, $14.00, ISBN: 0-684-83659-9). Selected sections: pp. 73-103, 126-134, 138-178, 228-266, 282-303. [Experts: chap. 7 as well]
_x_2. LeDoux, J. E.. (April 1992) Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2(2):191-7.
_x_3. Blakeslee, S. (Nov. 5,1996) Dr. Joseph Ledoux: Using Rats to Trace Routes of Fear. The New York Times.
___4. LeDoux, J. E. (1994) Emotion, Memory, and the Brain. Scientific American. 270, 32-39.
___5. LeDoux, J. E. (1986) The neurobiology of emotion. Chap. 15 in J E. LeDoux & W. Hirst (Eds.) Mind and Brain: diologues in cognitive neuroscience. New York: Cambridge. Review pp. 301 - 327. Read 327-354. (review Goleman article)
___6. LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155- 184.
Grillon, C. Ameli, R., Merikangas, K., Woods, S., & Davis, M. (1993). Measuring the time course of anticipatory anxiety using the fear-potentiated startle reflex. Psychophysiology, 30., 340-6. [experts, review Davis studies]
Balaban, M.T. (1994) Affective influences on startle in 5-month-old infants: Reactions to facial expressions of emotion. Child Development.
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., Patrick, C. J. (1993). Emotion and psychopathologoy: A startle probe analysis. In L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & D. C. Fowles (Eds.), Progress in experimental personality and psychopathology research. New York: Springer, pp. 163-199.
Cook, Davis, Hawk, Spence, & Gautier (1992) Fearfulness and startle potentiation during aversive visual stimuli. Psychophysiology, 29, 633-645.
Jansen, D. & Frijda, N. (1994, in press). Modulation of the acoustic startle response by film-induced fear and sexual arousal. Psychophysiology.
Ohman, A. (1987) The psychophysiology of emotion: An evolutionary-cognitive perspective: In P.K. Ackles, J.r. Jennings, & M.G.H.Coles (eds), Advances in Psychophysiology. Vol. 2. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Ohman, A., Flykt, A., & Lundqvist (2000). Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data and neuropsychological mechanisms. In R.D. Lane, L. Nadel, G.L. Ahern, J.J.B. Allen, A.W. Kaszniak, S.Z. Rapcsak, & G.E. Schwartz (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 296-327). New York: Oxford University Press.
Nov. 16 and 30. The Neurobiology of Emotion: Damasio
_x_1. Damasio, A. (1994) Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: G.P.Putnam. (also available in paperback: Avon Books, $13.50, ISBN: 0380726475 ) Chap. 7 and selected pages in preface and chaps. 8-10. (I recommend that you read the entire book, then study the assigned sections for this particular session.)
see these reviews from the Serendipity web site
___2. Damasio, A. (1998). The Somatic Marker Hypothesis and the Possible Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex. In A. Roberts, T. Robbins, and L. Weiskrantz (eds.) The Prefrontal Cortex: Executive and Cognitive Function (36-50). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Dec. 7 [extra time]. Presentations of Your Research Proposal
Dec. 12. Term papers due in Putnam's office by 5 PM.
Nov. 2 Article Presentations
This class will start very promptly at noon and last until 2:30 or later, to accomodate all students. Each of you will have 10 minutes to present a new experiment you have come across in the course of researching your term project.
(1) Pick an empirical journal article that you think will be of interest to the class, and send me the citation and abstract by Oct. 27 at the latest.
(2) Post the article citation and abstract on the class discussion board, under the topic set up for that purpose, by Wed morning Nov. 1.
(3) Prepare for the class a handout giving: Your name, date, article citation, abstract or summary, outline of methods and results, figures &/or tables. The handout should serve two functions: (a) it should make your presentation more comprehensible (e.g., by providing important graphs), and (b) it should serve as a resource for your fellow students. A two-page handout should be adequate. Please have copies of your handouts ready BEFORE the start of class.
(4) Your presentation on Nov. 2 should be well-prepared and rehearsed. However, you should NOT read it to the class. Please allow time for at least two questions. (A good way to introduce your presentation is to tell us what you were researching and why you thought this article/experiment would interest us.) You are encouraged to use PowerPoint or overhead transparencies if they will facilitate the presentation of methods or data. PowerPoint presentations should be loaded and tested prior to class.
(5) Since there will not be enough time for us to ask all the questions that are likely to come up, you may use the discussion board to ask questions of each presenter after the class meeting. Please post these questions as replies to the presenter's abstract.
Dec. 7. Presentations of Your Research Proposal
Class time will be extended, to accomodate all students. You will have about 10-12 minutes for your presentation. We will spend another 3-5 minutes discussing your proposal, asking questions, etc.
You should prepare a two page handout and bring enough copies for the class. Its primary purpose should be to facilitate communication of your ideas during your presentation. It should include your name, date, a title, a brief abstract or summary of your proposed study. Following the summary, it would be useful to have an outline of your presentation, including important methodological details as well as graphs of anticipated results. (You might wish to follow the basic outline given below for the term paper.) Since you will have relatively little time in which to present your proposal, you should be well-prepared so that you can "talk" it well, within the time allowed.
In previous semester, many students have chosen to use PowerPoint to present their research proposals. If you are comfortable with PowerPoint and familiar with the epodium in 200c, I encourage you to use PowerPoint at least for the presentation of graphic materials. Please refer to the PowerPoint Design and Delivery tip sheet available on Thror and on CourseWorks.
If you do use PowerPoint, be sure to have your presentation loaded and ready to go before class starts. It should be saved in the 3410 folder on the 200b server -- "thror". Once you're in the 3410 folder, save your file, with your name as title, in the PowerPoints/2006/Dec_7_ Presentations folder.
25%. Weekly participation
25%. Expert participation (includes article presentation).
25%. Midterm Exam
25%. Term paper (includes oral presentation on Dec. 5).
Your 10-15 page paper is due in my office by 5 PM on Dec. 12. Your paper should address a specific question related to the topic of the seminar. It should take the form of a research proposal, with at least a brief review of the relevant literature included in the Introduction. You should discuss your tentative topic with me before the midterm, and be sure to discuss any changes in your topic with me. Wherever relevant, your proposal should incorporate what we have covered in the seminar.
During the final week of class you will have an ooportunity to summarize your research proposal for the class. Your final paper should take into account suggestions and criticisms raised during that presentation.(Papers that you have written for other classes are not acceptable. Such "double use" of papers is considered plagiarism at Columbia. If you would like to build on work that you have done, or are doing, in another class, please speak to me about acceptable ways to do this.)
Your research proposal should include the following sections:
Introduction: Pose the question(s), present theoretical framework, review relevant previous research, and justify your general research strategy. Why is this an interesting question and what is unique about your method of study?
Method: For each experiment you plan to conduct, describe the participants (age, gender, number, etc.), the stimulus materials, the response measures (facial expression, heart rate, or whatever), the procedure, the apparatus, the experimental setting, and any other relevant methodological details. Justify each choice (e.g., by referring to previous studies.)
Results: Describe in a general way how you would look at the data--how you will analyze your dependent variables, what comparisons you intend to make, what aspects of the data you would be particularly interested in. Make specific predictions and show how you could interpret alternative patterns of results. Use figures and/or tables to illustrate possible patterns.
Discussion: Discuss the implications of the different possible patterns of results. Point out any problems in interpretation you can foresee for such a study. Criticize your design and suggest directions for future research. Be sure to include some discussion of how this research relates to topics we have covered in the seminar.
References: Use a standard bibliographical style, preferably APA format (similar to that used in the syllabus) for the reference list at the end of your paper. A proposal with fewer than 10 references has probably not been adequately researched. Use asterisks to indicate which references in your list you have actually read. (Include references to assigned readings, where relevant, but don't count those among the 10.)
Researching your Paper. Be sure to include the most recent available references on your topic. To find them, search the research literature using Google Scholar or one of the periodical indices available on LibraryWeb (e.g., PsychInfo or Medline). Keep a record of the search terms you used in each database; these will be useful to you and me when we meet to discuss your progress, and they may also be useful to your classmates.
Sample term papers will be available in my office for you to
examine.