CHAPTER III

1. Badayev, pp. 156, 160.

2. Bobrovskaya, Provocateurs, p. 33.

3. Tsvetkov-Prosveshchenskii, p. 125.

4. Krupskaya, p. 268.

5. Sotsial-demokrat, No. 33 (19 October/1 November

1914), p. 2.

6. Smith, p. 297.

7. Krupskaya, p. 268.

8. A. T. Vassilyev, The Ochrana: The Russian Secret

Police (London, 1930), p. 256.

9. PTsR, V, 218. See also III, 460-61.

10. Ibid., V, 220. See also III, 463-64.

11. Ibid., VII, 168. See also Rodzianko, Byloe, No. 21

(1923), p. 249; Burtsev, Russkoe slovo, 25 March

1917.

12. PTsR,1,315.

13. Possony, Lenin, p. 150. See also Anin, Survey, XXI,

No. 4 (Autumn 1975), 153.

14. Badayev, p. 160.

15. General A. I. Spiridovich has sharply criticized

Dzhunkovsky for this action claiming that the govern¬

ment lost what could have been very valuable intelli¬

gence about Bolshevik dealings with the Germans dur¬

ing World War I. Istoriia bol'shevizma v Rossii ot

vozniknoveniia do zakhvata vlasti, 1883-1903-1917

(Paris, 1922), p. 265. See also his Velikaia voina i

fevral'skaia revoliutsiia, 2 vols. (New York, 1960),

II, 113.

16. A more detailed account of these changes in the

political balance sheet can be found in R. C. Elwood,

Russian Social Democracy in the Underground: A

Study of the RSDRP in the Ukraine, 1907-1914 (Assen,

1974), pp. 229-43.

17. There is no firm evidence to support this hypothesis,

in part because it was clearly in Dzhunkovsky's interests

in 1917 to maintain that his motives in firing Malinovsky

were solely idealistic. It might be noted, however, that

a year later the Soviet government charged that

Malinovsky, by his sudden departure from the Duma,

"delivered an extremely serious blow to the workers

movement, introduced disorganization into the ranks

of revolutionary and party organizations, made possible

the slandering of the entire workers movement by the

enemies of the revolution, undermined the prestige,

revolutionary authority and significance of the entire

fraction . . . and committed his greatest crime against

the revolution." Vechernie Izvestiia Moskovskogo Soveta, No. 91 (5 November 1918). See also Krylenko, Zapiat'let, p. 345.

18. Interview with Rodzianko entitled "Malinovskii i

Rodzianko," published on 18 June 1917 probably in

Utro Rossii (newspaper clipping in the Nicolaevsky

Collection, file 132, box 4, no. 27). Rodzianko gave

several rather contradictory accounts about this sequence

of events. Cf., Rodzianko, Byloe, No. 21 (1923), pp.

248-49; B. I. Nikolaevskii, "K delu Malinovskago,"

Rabochaia gazeta, No. 83 (17 June 1917), pp. 2-3;

PTsR, VII, 167-68. Dzhunkovsky's version is in

PTsR, V, 85-86.

19. For accounts of this session, see Gosudarstvennaia

duma, Chetvertyi sozyv: Stenograficheskie otchety,

sess. 2, ch. Ill, pp. 763-801; Badayev, pp. 145-47;

F. Samoilov, Po sledam minuvshego (2nd ed.; Moscow,

1948), pp. 224-25.

20. PTsR, V, 85.

21. Put' pravdy, No. 84 (12 May 1914), p. l.See also

Put' pravdy, No. 82 (10 May 1914), p. 1; Badayev, p.

160; Samoilov, p. 225;PTsR, III, 499.

22. Police report of 30 May 1914 in Okhrana Archives,

file XVIIj, folder 1.

23. Gosudarstvennaia duma, Chetvertyi sozyv: Steno¬

graficheskie otchety, sess. 2, ch. IV, pp. 114-21. See

also Chkheidze's account of this session in PTsR,

III, 498.

24. Rodzianko, Byloe, No. 21 (1923), p. 249.

25. Gosudarstvennaia duma, Chetvertyi sozyv: Steno¬

graficheskie otchety, sess. 2, ch. IV, p. 263. N. E.

Markov, one of the leaders of the reactionary Union

of Russian Men and a constant thorn in the side of the

Social Democratic fraction, is always referred to in

contemporary accounts as "Markov II" to differentiate

him from the Octobrist deputy, N. L. Markov ("I").

26. Put'pravdy, No. 84(12 May 1914), p. 1.

27. Samoilov, p. 135.

28. Police report 1313 of 7/20 August 1914 concerning the

Menshevik investigation of Malinovsky's conduct,

Okhrana Archives, file XVIIj, folder 1.

29. Put'pravdy, No. 84 (12 May 1914), p. 1.

30. Ibid., No. 91 (20 May 1914), p. 2.

31. Ibid., No. 84 (12 May 1914), p. 1.

32. Ibid.

33. Nasha rabochaia gazeta, No. 8(11 May 1914), p. 3.

34. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 293 (the last two sentences are in

English in the original).

35. Aronson, p. 25.

36. Put' pravdy, No. 82 (10 May 1914), p. 1; Rabochii,

No. 5 (28 May 1914), p. 2. On the question of strike

funds, Pravda noted that Malinovsky had given his

wife power of attorney over all funds in his

possession or which she might receive in his absence

(Put' pravdy, No. 87, 15 May 1914, p. 2). She then

signed these over to Muranov (Sotsial-demokrat, No. 58,

18/31 January 1917, p. 2). The Mensheviks quite

rightly noted that the premeditation of this act called

to question the various Bolshevik explanations for his

departure {Nasha rabochaia gazeta, No. 12, 17 May

1914,p. 1).

37. Put'pravdy, No. 90 (18 May 1914), p. 2.

38. Ibid., No. 89 (17 May 1914), p. 2.

39. Ibid., No. 91 (20 May 1914), p. 2. Lenin was not happy

with the degree of conscience that the editors of

Pravda and the Duma deputies were showing over

Malinovsky's disappearance and told them specifically

not to expel the ex-deputy. Lenin, PSS, XLVIII, 294.

40. Gosudarstvennaia duma, Chetvertyi sozyv: Steno-

graficheskie otchety, sess. 2, ch. IV, pp. 397, 477.

41. PTsR, III, 500.

42. Somewhat later it was announced that Malinovsky had

contacted two lawyers in St. Petersburg, N. D. Sokolnikov and N. N. Krestinsky, about instituting libel proceedings against these papers (Rabochii, No. 5, 28 May 1914, p. 2). This threat did not deter them in the least.

43. Nasha rabochaia gazeta, No. 8(11 May 1914), p. 2.

44. Ibid., No. 9 (13 May 1914), p. 1.

45. Ibid., No. 12(17 May 1914), p. 1.

46. Ibid., No. 15(21 May 1914), p. 1.

47. Ibid., No. 17 (23 May 1914), p. l.One of those who

had not heard the rumors until several days after

Malinovsky's flight was the Menshevik Duma chairman,

Chkheidze. "I was astonished: if all this was already

and definitely known, why had no one talked to me

personally before?" Testimony before the Investigatory

Commission in PTsR, III, 500.

48. Put'pravdy, No. 90 (18 May 1914), p. 2.

49. Report from Birzhevye vedomosti cited in Put' pravdy,

No. 90 (18 May 1914), p. 2.

50. Krylenko, Za piat'let, p. 347.

51. Nasha rabochaia gazeta, No. 21 (29 May 1914), p. 1;

No. 20 (28 May 1914), p. 2.

52. A footnote in an early edition of Lenin's collected

works indicates that the questioning of Rozmirovich,

Saveliev, Bukharin and the latter's wife continued on

into June and early July (Soch., 2nd ed., XVII, 738).

Rozmirovich, however, admitted that she did not even

arrive in Poronin until "August 1914" (N.S.?) at which

.time she gave her testimony (Deiateli SSSR i Oktiabr'-

skoi revoliutsii: Avtobiografii i biografii, 3 vols;

Moscow, 1926, II, 210). One wonders how much

evidence the tribunal in fact received before rendering

its quick verdict.

53. Trotsky, p. 150; Nikolaevskii, Rabochaia gazeta, No. 85

(20 June 1917), p. 2.

54. Lenin, PSS, XXXII, 511.

55. Stephen F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik

Revolution: A Political Biography (New York, 1973), pp. 12-13, 18, 392. According to Shub (p. 146), Malinovsky was called to Poronin in 1912 to answer Bukharin's charge. There is no other confirmation that Malinovsky took time off from the Duma election campaign to visit Lenin at this time.

56. See, for example, Bobrovskaya, Provocateurs, p. 27.

57. Lenin, PSS, XXV, 458. Lenin's letter is supposedly lost

and Bukharin's response, while extant, has apparently

never been published.

58. Police report 97738 of 10 April 1913 in Okhrana

Archives, XVIb (2), folder 1.

59. Sumsky ms., pp. 3-4, in the Nicolaevsky Collection,

file 132, box 4, no. 27. Sumsky's account, which is

inaccurate in many other details, is suspect. The letter

which Troyanovsky supposedly sent does not appear

among the vast collection of intercepted correspondence

in the Okhrana Archives. E. E. Smith speculates (pp.

282-83) that Troyanovsky, if he wrote the letter,

was really threatening to expose Stalin rather than

Malinovsky and that he planted the story with

Sumsky on the eve of the purges as a reminder to

Stalin and as an insurance policy for himself. Beletsky's

conversation with Malinovsky was allegedly related by

the ex-Director of Police to the Investigatory Commission

in 1917. It does not appear in his extensive published

testimony but according to Sumsky was seen in

stenographic form by an unnamed individual who

repeated it to him verbatim many years later. These

stories are found in many Western studies but do not

find confirmation in Soviet accounts of the Malinovsky

affair.

60. See Troyanovsky's subsequent telegram published in

Edinstvo, No. 24 (27 April 1917), p. 2.

61. Lenin, Soch., 2nd ed., XVII, 737.

61. Okhrana Archives, file XVIIj, folder 1. There also is a friendly letter from Malinovsky to Troyanovsky in file XVIIk, folder 1.

63. Pis'ma P.B. Aksel'roda i I. O. Martova, 1901-1916

(Berlin, 1924), p. 292. It might be noted that Troy¬

anovsky had increasingly moved toward the Mensheviks

as the war approached perhaps because of the Malinovsky

affair, perhaps because of growing differences with

Lenin over nationalities policy, perhaps because

Rozmirovich was now living with another Bolshevik

agent — and Malinovsky's subsequent prosecutor —

N. V. Krylenko.

64. Copies in the Nicolaevsky Collection, file 132, box 4,

folder 27.

65. Testimony before the Investigatory Commission,

PTsR, I, 314.

66. Burtsev, "Eshche o dele Malinovskogo," undated and

presumably unpublished manuscript in the Nicolaevsky

Collection, file 132, box 4, folder 27.

67. Trudovaia pravda, No. 11 (10 June 1914), p. 1.

68. PTsR, 1,314.

69. See police intercept of letter from Paris dated 14 June

1914 in Okhrana Archives, file XVIIj, folder 1.

70. Pis'ma Aksel'roda i Martova, pp. 291-92.

71. See apology of Kharkov's Utro to Malinovsky for having

reprinted some of these accounts, republished in

Put' pravdy, No. 89 (17 May 1914), p. 2. Chkheidze

also later acknowledged that he had to restrain some of

his colleagues from spreading accusations which lacked

supporting evidence. PTsR, III, 500.

72. Tsioglinsky's charges, which had earlier been rejected

both by Pravda's editors and after investigation by the

Bolshevik Duma fraction (Trudovaia pravda, No. 10,

8 June 1914, p. 2), were finally printed in very veiled

fashion in Nasha rabochaia gazeta, No. 31 (10 June

1914), p. 2.

73. Rabochii, No. 4 (25 May 1914), p. 1; see also Trudovaia

pravda, No. 15 (14 June 1914), p. 2. Martov and Dan

avoided the challenge by noting that the Okhrana could

penetrate a "free court" and thus jeopardize witnesses

from the underground. Nasha rabochaia gazeta, No.

20 (28 May 1914), p. 1.

74. Tsvetkov-Prosveshchenskii, p. 124.

75. N. Bukharin, "Pamiati Il'icha," Pravda, 21 January

1925,p. 1.

76. A. Solzhenitsyn, Lenin v Tsiurikhe: glavy (Paris, 1975),

pp. 81-82.

77. Cited in B. I. Nikolaevskii, "K delu Malinovskago,"

Rabochaia gazeta, No. 87 (22 June 1917), p. 2.

78. Krupskaya, p. 276.

79. Trudovaia pravda, No. 3 (31 May 1914), p. 2. See also

Lenin's telegram published in Rabochii, No. 4 (25 May

1914), p. 1.

80. Trudovaia pravda, No. 15(14 June 1914), p. 2.

81. Lenin, PSS, XXV, 630. This telegram does not appear

in his collected works.

82. Put'pravdy, No. 87 (15 May 1914), p. 1.

83. Lenin, PSS, XXV, 632.

84. Ibid., XLVIII, 294 (emphasis in the original).

85. See, for example, Kamenev's article "K ukhodu

Malinovskago," Trudovaia pravda, No. 26 (27 June

1914), p. 2.

86. A. S. Kiselev, "V poronine," Byloe (Paris "New

Series"), Vol. I. Kn. 46 (1933), pp. 127-28.

87. V. Degot, Pod znamenem bol'shevizma: Zapiski podpol'-

shchika (Moscow, 1927), p. 87.

88. Vestnik prikazchika, No. 17 (18 May 1914), p. 2;

Metallist, No. 8 (12 June 1914), p. 4.

89. Edinstvo, No. 1 (18 May 1914), p. 2.

90. Bor'ba, Nos. 7/8 (6 July 1914), p. 9.

91. Edinstvo, No. 2 (1 June 1914), p. 2.

92. Metallist, No. 8 (12 June 1914), p. 3.

93. Bor'ba, Nos. 7/8 (6 July 1914), pp. 9-10.

94. Nasha rabochaia gazeta, No. 10 (14 May 1914), p. 1.

95. Bor'ba, Nos. 7/8 (6 July 1914), p. 9.

96. Lenin, PSS, XXV, 394; Put' pravdy, No. 84 (12 May

1914), p. 1.

97. Edinstvo, No. 2 (1 June 1914), p. 2; Trudovaia pravda,

No. 7(5 June 1914), p. 3.

98. Lenin, PSS, XXVI, 127. See also ibid., XXV, 394-95.

99. Ibid., XXV, 442.

100. Ibid., XLVIII, 324-25.

101. Ibid., XXV, 341.

102. Nasha rabochaia gazeta, No. 20 (28 May 1914), p. 2.

103. For a Menshevik appraisal of Malinovsky's trial in

Galicia, see Nasha rabochaia gazeta, No. 20 (28 May

1914), p. 2. Trotsky also criticized the "complete

futility" of Lenin's investigation which he felt was

itself a "source of aggravation, discord and anxiety."

He too wanted an impartial, non-factional investigation

of the affair. Bor'ba, Nos. 7/8 (6 July 1914), p. 9.

104. Police report 1313 dated 7/20 August 1914 in the

Okhrana Archives, file XVIIj, folder 1. Unfortunately,

neither the names of the witnesses appearing before

this Commission nor the specific evidence collected

have been published.

105. Burtsev, Struggling Russia, Vol. 1, Nos. 9/10 (17 May

1919), p. 138. See also Burtsev, Birzhevye vedomosti,

18 December 1916; PTsR, I, 314.

106. A. S. Shapovalov, V izgnanii: sredi bel'giiskikh i

frantsuzskikh rabochikh (Moscow, 1927), p. 158.

107. Krupskaya, p. 276.

108. Kiselev, Byloe, Vol. I, Kn. 46 (1933), p. 128.

109. Edinstvo, No. 1 (29 March 1917), p. 3; Krylenko, Za

piat' let, p. 347. There is not total agreement on this

point. Dzhunkovsky told the Investigatory Commission

in 1917 that he felt Malinovsky had volunteered for the

Russian army in France (PTsR. V, 85; VII, 374). This is

a good example of the imprecision of both the Okhrana

and the Commission's findings since the Deputy Director

had obviously confused his prime agent provocateur

with the future Soviet marshal, Rodion Malinovsky,

who had indeed fought on the western front. Other sources suggest that Roman Malinovsky was caught in Germany by the outbreak of the war and was interned (P. Osipov, "DeloMalinovskogo: Istoricheskaia spravka," newspaper clipping from Riga's Trudovaia my si, 20 April 1930, in the Nicolaevsky Collection, file 132, box 4, no. 27; Possony, Der Monat, Heft 71, August 1954, p. 493).

110. Golos, No. 26 (13 October 1914), p. 1, citing report in

Russkoe slovo of 16 September 1914.

111. See letter to V. A. Karpinsky, PSS, XLIX, 18. The

obituary itself does not appear in his collected works.

112. Sotsial-demokrat, No. 33 (19 October/1 November

1914), p. 2.

113. Ibid., No. 34 (22 November/5 December 1914), p. 4.

See also Golos, No. 64 (26 November 1914), p. 2.

114. Pravda, No. 237(1 November 1918), p. 4.

115.Ibid.

116. Considerable evidence exists but it is not available.

Russian military intelligence in western Europe took

an interest in Malinovsky's activity and duly filed a

report on 16 October 1916 (PTsR, II, 317). Lenin's

correspondence with him was submitted to the

Investigatory Commission in 1917 (Pis'ma Aksel'roda

i Martova, p. 292) but it too was not published either

by the Provisional Government or by the Soviet editors

of the Polnoe sobranie sochinenii. And finally, according

to the index prepared by the Hoover Institution, some

material on Malinovsky's wartime conduct has been

preserved in the Okhrana Archives but unfortunately

when the relevant file (XIc (3), folder 1) was delivered

to me, it was mysteriously empty.

117. Walter, p. 251.

118. "Antivoennaia rabota bol'shevikov, 1914-1917 gg.,"

Istoricheskii arkhiv, No. 5 (1961), pp. 100-101. Further

information on emigre assistance to Russian prisoners-

of-war can be found in Alfred Erich Senn, The Russian

Revolution in Switzerland, 1914-1917 (Madison, 1971),

119. Den', No. 86 (16 June 1917), p. 3; Tsiavlovskii, p. xv.

Less enthusiastic reports reached the Provisional

Government that Malinovsky "allowed himself to be

taken prisoner," that he "enjoyed great favor among

the German officers" (Edinstvo, No. 1, 29 March

1917, p. 3), and that he was conducting "anarchist

propaganda" among the Russian prisoners (PTsR,

III, 502).

120. See letters to Zinoviev and Inessa Armand in Lenin,

PSS.XUX, 261,282-83.

121. Quoted in Burtsev, Struggling Russia, Vol. I, Nos 9/10

(17 May 1919), p. 139.

122. PTsR, 1,315.

123. Gosudarstvennaia duma, Chetvertyi sozyv: Steno-

graficheskie otchety, sess. 5, ch. 1, p. 200.

124. Birzhevye vedomosti, 5 December 1916. Unsatisfied

with the "indignant answer" he received from Muranov,

Burtsev repeated his suspicions in a second article,

"Otvet chlenu G. Dumy Muranovu," Birzhevye

vedomosti, 18 December 1916.

125. Sotsial-demokrat, No. 58 (18/31 January 1917), p. 2

(emphasis in the original).

EPILOGUE

1. For the destruction and incomplete nature of the

Okhrana archives, see Rabochaia gazeta, No. 62 (21

May 1917), p. 3; V. Zhilinskii, "Organizatsiia i zhizn'

okhrannago otdeleniia vo vremena tsarskoi vlasti,"

Golos minuvshago, Nos. 9/10 (September/October

1917), pp. 248-50; V. Maksakov, "Arkhiv revoliutsii

i vnes'hnei politiki XIX i XX w.," Arkhivnoe delo,

XIII (1927), 27-41.

2. See, for example, Pravda, No. 7 (12 March 1917), p.4;

No. 8 (14 March 1917), p. 4.

3. PTsR, 1,315-16.

4. "Otvet na postavlennyi vopros," Russkoe slovo, 25

March 1917.

5. Edinstvo, No. 1 (29 March 1917), p. 3; Rabochaia

gazeta, No. 17 (26 March 1917), p. 3.

6. Rabochaia gazeta, No. 63 (24 May 1917), p. 2; No. 67

(28 May 1917), pp. 2-3; No. 83 (17 June 1917), pp. 2-3;

No. 85 (20 June 1917), p. 2; No. 87 (22 June 1917),

p. 2.

7. "Delo Malinovskago i dr.," ibid., No. 62 (21 May

1917), pp. 2-3.

8. On 17 March Lenin wrote an article defending the

Bolsheviks' handling of the Chernomazov affair in 1914.

Malinovsky is mentioned as being a sometime member

of the Duma fraction but not as Chernomazov's co-

worker in the service of the Okhrana. Pravda, which

had itself noted Malinovsky among the exposed

provocateurs on 29 March,1 saved Lenin further

embarrassment by declining to publish the article.

Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 79-82, 521-22.

9. Letter of 17 March 1917 in ibid., XLIX, 423.

10. Ibid., XXXII, 222 (emphasis in the original).

11. Ibid., XXV, 102, 116, 146.

12. Vestnik vremennago pravitel'stva, No. 81 (16 June

1917), p. 3. Lenin repeated these sentiments in 1920

when he commented on Malinovsky for the last time

in " 'Left-wing' Communism - An Infantile Disease."

Lenin, PSS, XLI, 28.

13. Utro Rossii, 23 June 1917 (newspaper clipping in the

Nicolaevsky Collection, file 132, box 4, no. 27). The

officials charged were I. A. Makarev, I. M. Zolotarev,

S. P. Beletsky, S. E. Vissarionov, A. P. Martynov and

V. G. Ivanov. A special investigator was named who

continued to collect information concerning Malinovsky

while the Bolsheviks called on their followers to submit

all available documentation on the issue to the Commis¬

sion {Pravda, No. 73, 17 June 1917, p. 3).

14. Nikolaevskii, Rabochaia gazeta, No. 85 (20 June 1917),

p. 2.

15. "Pis'mo Malinovskago ministru iustitsii," Russkaia

volia, 8 August 1917. The minister replied that no

obstacles would be placed in the way of his return

and that he would be tried if the evidence against him

warranted it. "Malinovskii," Russkoe slovo, 9 August

1917 (both clippings are in the Nicolaevsky Collection,

file 132, box 4, no. 27).

16. ?ossony, DerMonat, Heft 71 (August 1954), p. 495.

17. Ibid., pp. 494-95.

18. Vaksberg, Znanie-sila, No. 5 (1964), p. 51.

19. Solzhenitsyn, p. 233.

20. "Arest Malinovskogo," typescript of an article from

Vechernie Izvestiia Moskovskogo Soveta, No. 81 (24

October 1918) in the Nicolaevsky Collection, file 132,

box 4, no. 27. For a slightly different version, see

Burtsev, Struggling Russia, Vol. 1, Nos. 9/10 (17 May

1919), p. 138.

21. Serge, p. 98.

22. Ibid., citing the account of the Peoples Commissar of

Justice, M. I. Kozlovsky, who interrogated Malinovsky.

23. See summary of Malinovsky's confession in Pravda,

No. 237 (1 November 1918), p. 4.

24. Ibid.

25. Vechernie Izvestiia Moskovskogo Soveta, No. 91 (5

November 1918). Emphasis added.

26. The fact that the trial was closed and that no record

of it has been published (save Krylenko's speech and the

accusations against Malinovsky) makes reconstruction

difficult. Lenin's attendance, which one would not

expect given his health and the embarrassing nature

of the trial, is verified by an eye-witness (Olga

Anikst, "Vospominaniia o Lenine," in O Lenine:

Vospominaniia, 4 vols.; Moscow, 1925, IV, 93) and by current Soviet historians (e.g., Vaksberg, Znanie-sila, No. 5, 1964, p. 51). See also Anin, Survey, XXI, No. 4 (Autumn 1975), p. 154.

27. Krylenko, Za piat' let, p. 348; Badayev, p. 161.

28. Burtsev, Struggling Russia, Vol. I, Nos. 9/10 (17 May 1919), p. 139. See also Spiridovich, Istoriia bol-shevizma, p. 260.

29. Anin, Survey, XXI, No. 4 (Autumn 1975), 151-52. See also Aronson, p. 59

30. V. I. Lenin i A. M. Gor'kii: Pis'ma, vospominaniia, dokumenty (Moscow, 1969), p. 333.

31. Possony, Der Monat, Heft 71 (August 1954), p. 496. See also Possony, Lenin, pp. 142-43.

32. E. H. Wilcox, "The Secret Police of the Old Regime," Fortnightly Review, CVIII (December 1917), 829.

33. Krylenko, Za piat' let, p. 348; Badayev, pp. 162-63; Erenfel'd, Voprosy istorii, No. 7 (1965), pp. 115-16.

34. Serge, p. 98.