Shoveling
Fuel for a Runaway Train
(posted
to www.marxmail.org on Dec. 15, 2002)
Even though you will find sharp criticisms of
Brian Czech's "Shoveling Fuel for A Runaway Train" in this review, I
do want to state at the outset that this book should be required reading for
anybody concerned about the environmental crisis. I also want to thank Brian
for sending me a review copy. As I always do in such instances, I take the
trouble to pull my thoughts together and publish them on the Internet, the
People's Medium.
Although Czech is a trained economist with a PhD
from the University of Arizona, his background is not that of a typical
academic one and rather evokes Gary Snyder and other beat generation members
who took jobs in the wilderness in order to rediscover the kind of experience
found in Thoreau's "Walden Pond". In a series of jobs as firefighter,
logger, commercial fisherman and wildlife conservation expert, Czech gained a
first-hand exposure to the sorts of problems that would impel him to try
understand what lied at their root.
In a stint with the National Marine Fisheries
Service on the Bering Sea, he witnessed the kind of irrational behavior that
industrial fishing encourages, as well as getting close--too close perhaps--to
nature:
"From Wyoming, I went to work for the
National Marine Fisheries Service on the Bering Sea. I had never been at sea,
and wouldn't you knowthe worst storm of the winter hit during my first three
days out. I was on a fifty-seven-meter Japanese stern trawler, and for three
days it went 'BAM . .. BAM ... BAM' in ten-second intervals as thirty-foot
waves crashed against the hull and swept over the decks. Periodically there was
a 'BAM . . . BAM . . . BA-BoiyoiyoiyoiyaaAAAAng' as the ship got way out of
rhythm and got quartersided by a giant concave wall of water. No one could eat
or sleep because of the constant, violent movement and booming noise, and even
the Japanese who had spent years at sea were vomiting liberally. Worse yet, no
one else spoke English, leaving only my imagination to interpret the structural
impact of those unsettling hull reverberations.
"But then the seas settled, we ate like
hell, and fishing commenced. I'll never forget that first catch, the largest of
the whole two-month stint. I logged it in at ninety-nine metric tons. We're
talking hundreds of thousands of fish, almost all of which were pollock. I
started to wonder how we could stay out very long, because surely the holds
couldn't store many catches like this. Then I saw how it worked. Male fish were
summarily tossed to the floor, sloshed by the ship's movements into the bilge
pumps and back out to sea as a sort of ichthyological hamburger. Females were
treated the same, except that their egg sacs were taken prior to tossing. We
had hit the peak of spawning, and while it lasted, supply and demand called for
this type of wanton waste. This was my firsthand introduction to the 'invisible
hand' of the free market. I didn't think of it in those terms yet. I only
termed it a hell of a lot of waste and damn sure wrong. But out of sight, out
of mind, at least until days of retrospection."
Gradually, Czech began to reflect on the
irrationality of such shortsighted exploitation of nature that was being
conducted under the rubric of "economic growth". When Presidential
candidate Jack Kemp's stated during a debate on October 9, 1996 that "We
should double the rate of growth, and we should *double* the size of the
American economy," he found those words to be a challenge to everything
wrong that he saw firsthand in the wilderness and moreover a symptom of a basic
flaw in the way mainstream economics operates. He put it this way:
"At face value, the argument that economic
growth is good is hard to deny. After all, the economic growth of a nation is
taken to mean that its citizens will be better fed, dressed, housed, educated,
transported, and entertained. More MacDonald's and Antoine's, more Fords and
Fiats, more jeep trails and ship sails. For rich and for poor, more quantity of
more things. Twice as much, if we elect Jack Kemp. So economic growth leads to
a better life, at least a better material life. This argument will be left
intact for the time being. I mention it here only to explain the esteemed
status of economic growth in the American psyche."
Although the daily newspapers are filled with
alarming reports on global warming, depleted fish stocks, water shortages,
inability to cope with industrial or human waste, toxic byproducts of
manufacturing, mining or drilling, etc., the mainstream economists continue to
either deny the problems exist or assume that a fix is possible under the
current system.
From the neoclassical economists, you get a kind
of intellectual self-deception that is based on the notion that
'substitutability' can resolve the problem of resource depletion (even if it
does not address the problem of toxic wastes, global warming, etc.)
Under the concept of substitutability, factors
of economic production (land, labor and capital) can be substituted among
themselves. When a resource like coal becomes scarce, another such as oil
becomes a substitute. And when oil becomes scarce, you can turn to gas,
nuclear, hydro and whatever else can be turned up. Unfortunately, the doctrine
of substitutability cannot come up with something as basic as water. Once the
Ogallala aquifer is dried up, it can't be replaced.
In addition, mainstream economists harp on
'efficiency' in their defense of the status quo of doing things. Efficiency is
very much associated with a value-free understanding of economics within social
science as a whole. By focusing on the optimal combination of inputs, the sole criterion
for success is output per unit of input used, even if it is timber from the
Amazon rainforest wasted on lawn furniture. Success is measured on the basis of
how many loggers, chainsaws and bulldozers it takes to produce x number of
trees ready for the sawmill.
Using the analogy of a train ticket, Czech
questions this approach by posing two concerns that a passenger might have. He
or she might ask where the train was going, and how fast the train would take
you to your destination. Unless the direction of the train is established, it
matters little how fast it will take you to get there. If the train is going in
the wrong direction, or worse if it is a *runaway* train, we might prefer
getting on board an older, less efficient train going in the right direction.
In chapter four, Czech takes apart the
methodology and data used by the late Julian Simon, who minimized the
environmental crisis while proposing the free market system as the only
sensible solution for those problems that did exist. Best known for a 1980 bet
with Paul Erlich over the future prices of raw materials ten years later, Simon
ended up as winner. After drawing the conclusion from this that technology and
willpower could overcome all obstacles, Simon went on to write numerous books that
were meant to serve as a cudgel against the greens, especially any who repeated
what appeared to be Malthusian warnings about ecological limits.
In his rush to make his case, Simon was not
above tampering with the facts. For example, he asserted that there is no limit
to the amount of seafood that can be caught and brought to the table, when
reports abound in the daily press about the disappearance of cod, salmon and
tuna. Rhapsodic about the possibilities of nuclear power, he would
automatically discount any of the kinds of worries brought on by Chernobyl or
Three Mile Island. At one point, he said, "There is practically zero
chance of a nuclear-plant catastrophe that would cost the lives of tends of
thousands of lives." Among the other threats that were
"disproved", Simon included DDT, PCBs, malathion, Agent Orange,
asbestos and the Love Canal contamination.
As an alternative to the
substitutability/efficiency paradigm of the neoclassicals and ideologues like
Julian Simon, Czech urges us to adopt an economics that has been synthesized
with ecology. In defending this approach, he calls upon the research of the
late Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, an economics professor at Vanderbilt University
with whose work I had not been familiar.
In 1993 Georgescu-Roegen delivered a series of
lectures that argued that thermodynamics is really a "physics of economic
value". If the first law of thermodynamics posits that matter can be
neither created nor destroyed, then from the economics standpoint, an upper boundary
to goods production, enforced by the amount of matter on Earth, is implied.
Proceeding to the second law of thermodynamics, which deals with entropy and
closed systems, Georgescu-Roegen observed that one could only produce goods by
depleting energy. Consequently, an increase in utility in one sector is
accompanied by a decrease elsewhere. Lesser utility is a term that certainly
can describe the byproducts of the industrial system, which show up as
pollution or other forms of toxicity. Czech explains what this means in the
following terms:
"An example provided by Georgescu-Roegen is
the refining of copper ore, a relatively disordered substance of little direct
utility to man. Through the refining process, the highly ordered substance of
solid copper is produced. However, the major step in the refining process
(smelting) involves the loss of another highly ordered substance of direct
utility (natural gas or coal). The byproducts of smelting include mining slag
and atmospheric emissions, including greenhouse gases. A great many other
physical chemical exchanges are entailed from the ore body to the of copper,
but basically this sector of economic 'production' is a trade of ordered goods
and energy for copper."
Immediately after his discussion of
Georgescu-Roegen, Czech turns to Paul Erlich, who while coming out on the
losing side with Julian Simon is ostensibly far more reliable in describing the
true environmental situation. Unlike Simon, Erlich believes that society cannot
transcend its roots in nature. As a natural scientist, Erlich (specializing in
butterfly ecology) believes that man and animals are both subject to population
dynamics that involve carrying capacity. In its most simple terms, this is what
anybody who has ever tried to keep tropical fish has run into. A ten-gallon
tank can only contain a certain number of fish. You either have to expand the
size of the tank or reduce the number of fish in order to sustain a healthy
population. To even suggest that this is the case for human beings as well as
fish invites the charge of Malthusianism, as Simon and his allies are quick to
invoke.
But Brian Czech is not afraid that such charges
will be leveled against him. He boldly describes his goal as "steady
state" economics, a term coined by Herman Daly, and indeed promotes this
approach on a website aptly named www.steadystate.org.
On the home page is a picture of the bull sculpture on Lower Broadway that
serves as a symbol of Wall Street as well as the economics of growth model that
he rejects. Beneath the picture is the caption "Bumbling, bloated Wall
Street bull, spanning globe ... globe is full!" Indeed, a full globe or a
full fish tank amount to the same thing.
However, without a concrete examination of how
different classes in society, both nationally and on a global scale,
participate in the distribution of an admittedly finite number of products, you
do open yourself up to charges of Malthusian hostility toward the poor.
This issue was posed sharply when the Sierra
Club was asked to endorse restrictions on immigration by a group that included
Herman Daly. They argued that the rapid stabilization of the US population was
urgent, both through lowering fertility rates and through restricting
immigration. “The US will add 125 million people in the next 40 years if
current birth and immigration rates are not changed. The impact of this many
Americans on US and global ecosystems will be severe.” The Carrying Capacity
Network, upon whose board Daly sits, sent a newsletter to its members urging
them to “help Sierra Club members demonstrate that immigration is an
environmental issue.”
The Carrying Capacity website has a section on
immigration that conjures up the hostility of a Birkenstock-wearing resident of
Marin County to a carload of newly-arrived Mexicans:
"As an example, consider the impact of a
typical family of seven, immigrating from a country where their owning a car
was highly unlikely. When they come to America they are likely to acquire cars.
For every mile they drive, they pollute and deplete resources that could have
been relatively unaffected had they continued their prior lifestyle. The act of
border crossing enables them to make lifestyle changes that adversely affect
the environment; by becoming Americans they adopt the consumption and pollution
patterns of the world's most environmentally destructive lifestyle." (www.carryingcapacity.org/DinAlt.htm)
In the final analysis, we have to come to terms
with the reality that the planet Earth and a tropical fish tank have nothing in
common except the fact that they can both only support a finite number of
inhabitants. In a fish tank, a tetra and a guppy are free to enjoy the same
amount of food and space. On the planet Earth, a Mexican farmer in Puebla and
an investment banker in Marin County do not have an equal share of the products
that are sold on the market. Although Brian Czech is fully cognizant of these
class discrepancies and strongly endorses the insights found in Thorstein
Veblen's "Theory of the Leisure Class," it still represents something
of an unresolved contradiction in his thought when he can refer to Daly as a
"radical" in the economics profession.
Rather than seeing Daly as a challenge to the
established economic order, I find it more useful to see him, Lester Brown of
the Worldwatch Institute, Paul Erlich and other such "steady state"
economists as the dialectical opposite of Julian Simon, Virginia Postrel and
other libertarians and neoclassicals. By operating on the basis of a runaway
train, the capitalist system tends to squander resources and undercut its own
ability to replicate itself. Within the establishment (Daly was an economist
with the World Bank for six years), voices are articulated that call attention
to these contradictions without providing a cure that can go to the roots. Such
a cure involves abolition of private property and production of goods on the
basis of human need rather than private profit.
And it is the need for profit that governs this
system rather than leisure class consumption habits after all. When Detroit discovered
that sports utility vehicles produced the greatest profit, the dream-making
machinery of Madison Avenue created a need for them. To break the habit of
wasteful consumption, it is necessary first of all to eliminate the need for
profit. For that it requires a mighty worldwide revolutionary movement and no
worse obstacle can be put in its path than for progressives in the most
wasteful and wealthy planet on earth to put barbed wire up at our borders to
keep out those fleeing repression and economic misery.